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diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt b/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt index 177f7dc583d7..341fef8aca68 100644 --- a/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt +++ b/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt @@ -39,640 +39,640 @@ Enjoy! ON-LINE DOCS ------------ - * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition** - - :Author: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman - :URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ - :Description: A 600-page book covering the (2.6.10) driver - programming API and kernel hacking in general. Available under the - Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. - - * Title: **The Linux Kernel** - - :Author: David A. Rusling. - :URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html - :Keywords: everything!, book. - :Description: On line, 200 pages book describing most aspects of - the Linux Kernel. Probably, the first reference for beginners. - Lots of illustrations explaining data structures use and - relationships in the purest Richard W. Stevens' style. Contents: - "1.-Hardware Basics, 2.-Software Basics, 3.-Memory Management, - 4.-Processes, 5.-Interprocess Communication Mechanisms, 6.-PCI, - 7.-Interrupts and Interrupt Handling, 8.-Device Drivers, 9.-The - File system, 10.-Networks, 11.-Kernel Mechanisms, 12.-Modules, - 13.-The Linux Kernel Sources, A.-Linux Data Structures, B.-The - Alpha AXP Processor, C.-Useful Web and FTP Sites, D.-The GNU - General Public License, Glossary". In short: a must have. - - * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition** - - :Author: Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet. - :URL: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/index.html - :Keywords: device drivers, modules, debugging, memory, hardware, - interrupt handling, char drivers, block drivers, kmod, mmap, DMA, - buses. - :Description: O'Reilly's popular book, now also on-line under the - GNU Free Documentation License. - :Notes: You can also buy it in paper-form from O'Reilly. See below - under BOOKS (Not on-line). - - * Title: **Conceptual Architecture of the Linux Kernel** - - :Author: Ivan T. Bowman. - :URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/ - :Keywords: conceptual software architecture, extracted design, - reverse engineering, system structure. - :Description: Conceptual software architecture of the Linux kernel, - automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good - figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding. - - * Title: **Concrete Architecture of the Linux Kernel** - - :Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Saheem Siddiqi, and Meyer C. Tanuan. - :URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/ - :Keywords: concrete architecture, extracted design, reverse - engineering, system structure, dependencies. - :Description: Concrete architecture of the Linux kernel, - automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good - figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding. This papers - focus on lower details than its predecessor (files, variables...). - - * Title: **Linux as a Case Study: Its Extracted Software Architecture** - - :Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Richard C. Holt and Neil V. Brewster. - :URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/ - :Keywords: software architecture, architecture recovery, - redocumentation. - :Description: Paper appeared at ICSE'99, Los Angeles, May 16-22, - 1999. A mixture of the previous two documents from the same - author. - - * Title: **Overview of the Virtual File System** - - :Author: Richard Gooch. - :URL: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt - :Keywords: VFS, File System, mounting filesystems, opening files, - dentries, dcache. - :Description: Brief introduction to the Linux Virtual File System. - What is it, how it works, operations taken when opening a file or - mounting a file system and description of important data - structures explaining the purpose of each of their entries. - - * Title: **The Linux RAID-1, 4, 5 Code** - - :Author: Ingo Molnar, Gadi Oxman and Miguel de Icaza. - :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=2391 - :Keywords: RAID, MD driver. - :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its - :Abstract: *A description of the implementation of the RAID-1, - RAID-4 and RAID-5 personalities of the MD device driver in the - Linux kernel, providing users with high performance and reliable, - secondary-storage capability using software*. - - * Title: **Dynamic Kernels: Modularized Device Drivers** - - :Author: Alessandro Rubini. - :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1219 - :Keywords: device driver, module, loading/unloading modules, - allocating resources. - :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its - :Abstract: *This is the first of a series of four articles - co-authored by Alessandro Rubini and Georg Zezchwitz which present - a practical approach to writing Linux device drivers as kernel - loadable modules. This installment presents an introduction to the - topic, preparing the reader to understand next month's - installment*. - - * Title: **Dynamic Kernels: Discovery** - - :Author: Alessandro Rubini. - :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1220 - :Keywords: character driver, init_module, clean_up module, - autodetection, mayor number, minor number, file operations, - open(), close(). - :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its - :Abstract: *This article, the second of four, introduces part of - the actual code to create custom module implementing a character - device driver. It describes the code for module initialization and - cleanup, as well as the open() and close() system calls*. - - * Title: **On submitting kernel Patches** - - :Author: Andi Kleen - :URL: http://halobates.de/on-submitting-kernel-patches.pdf - :Keywords: patches, review process, types of submissions, basic rules, case studies - :Description: This paper gives several experience values on what types of patches - there are and how likley they get merged. - :Abstract: - [...]. This paper examines some common problems for - submitting larger changes and some strategies to avoid problems. - - * Title: **Tracing the Way of Data in a TCP Connection through the Linux Kernel** - :Author: Richard Sailer - :URL: https://archive.org/details/linux_kernel_data_flow_short_paper - :Keywords: Linux Kernel Networking, TCP, tracing, ftrace - :Description: A seminar paper explaining ftrace and how to use it for - understanding linux kernel internals, - illustrated at tracing the way of a TCP packet through the kernel. - :Abstract: *This short paper outlines the usage of ftrace a tracing framework - as a tool to understand a running Linux system. - Having obtained a trace-log a kernel hacker can read and understand - source code more determined and with context. - In a detailed example this approach is demonstrated in tracing - and the way of data in a TCP Connection through the kernel. - Finally this trace-log is used as base for more a exact conceptual - exploration and description of the Linux TCP/IP implementation.* - - * Title: **The Devil's in the Details** - - :Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz and Alessandro Rubini. - :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1221 - :Keywords: read(), write(), select(), ioctl(), blocking/non - blocking mode, interrupt handler. - :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its - :Abstract: *This article, the third of four on writing character - device drivers, introduces concepts of reading, writing, and using - ioctl-calls*. - - * Title: **Dissecting Interrupts and Browsing DMA** - - :Author: Alessandro Rubini and Georg v. Zezschwitz. - :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1222 - :Keywords: interrupts, irqs, DMA, bottom halves, task queues. - :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its - :Abstract: *This is the fourth in a series of articles about - writing character device drivers as loadable kernel modules. This - month, we further investigate the field of interrupt handling. - Though it is conceptually simple, practical limitations and - constraints make this an ''interesting'' part of device driver - writing, and several different facilities have been provided for - different situations. We also investigate the complex topic of - DMA*. - - * Title: **Device Drivers Concluded** - - :Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz. - :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1287 - :Keywords: address spaces, pages, pagination, page management, - demand loading, swapping, memory protection, memory mapping, mmap, - virtual memory areas (VMAs), vremap, PCI. - :Description: Finally, the above turned out into a five articles - series. This latest one's introduction reads: "This is the last of - five articles about character device drivers. In this final - section, Georg deals with memory mapping devices, beginning with - an overall description of the Linux memory management concepts". - - * Title: **Network Buffers And Memory Management** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1312 - :Keywords: sk_buffs, network devices, protocol/link layer - variables, network devices flags, transmit, receive, - configuration, multicast. - :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner. - :Abstract: *Writing a network device driver for Linux is fundamentally - simple---most of the complexity (other than talking to the - hardware) involves managing network packets in memory*. - - * Title: **Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide** - - :Author: Michael K. Johnson. - :URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/khg.html - :Keywords: device drivers, files, VFS, kernel interface, character vs - block devices, hardware interrupts, scsi, DMA, access to user memory, - memory allocation, timers. - :Description: A guide designed to help you get up to speed on the - concepts that are not intuitevly obvious, and to document the internal - structures of Linux. - - * Title: **The Venus kernel interface** - - :Author: Peter J. Braam. - :URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/html/kernel-venus-protocol.html - :Keywords: coda, filesystem, venus, cache manager. - :Description: "This document describes the communication between - Venus and kernel level file system code needed for the operation - of the Coda filesystem. This version document is meant to describe - the current interface (version 1.0) as well as improvements we - envisage". - - * Title: **Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem** - - :Author: Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie. - :URL: http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html - :Keywords: ext2, linux fs history, inode, directory, link, devices, - VFS, physical structure, performance, benchmarks, ext2fs library, - ext2fs tools, e2fsck. - :Description: Paper written by three of the top ext2 hackers. - Covers Linux filesystems history, ext2 motivation, ext2 features, - design, physical structure on disk, performance, benchmarks, - e2fsck's passes description... A must read! - :Notes: This paper was first published in the Proceedings of the - First Dutch International Symposium on Linux, ISBN 90-367-0385-9. - - * Title: **Analysis of the Ext2fs structure** - - :Author: Louis-Dominique Dubeau. - :URL: http://teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS2002/fs-ext2/ - :Keywords: ext2, filesystem, ext2fs. - :Description: Description of ext2's blocks, directories, inodes, - bitmaps, invariants... - - * Title: **Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide** - - :Author: Ori Pomerantz. - :URL: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/index.html - :Keywords: modules, GPL book, /proc, ioctls, system calls, - interrupt handlers . - :Description: Very nice 92 pages GPL book on the topic of modules - programming. Lots of examples. - - * Title: **I/O Event Handling Under Linux** - - :Author: Richard Gooch. - :Keywords: IO, I/O, select(2), poll(2), FDs, aio_read(2), readiness - event queues. - :Description: From the Introduction: "I/O Event handling is about - how your Operating System allows you to manage a large number of - open files (file descriptors in UNIX/POSIX, or FDs) in your - application. You want the OS to notify you when FDs become active - (have data ready to be read or are ready for writing). Ideally you - want a mechanism that is scalable. This means a large number of - inactive FDs cost very little in memory and CPU time to manage". - - * Title: **The Kernel Hacking HOWTO** - - :Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty. - :Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl - (must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs}) - :Keywords: HOWTO, kernel contexts, deadlock, locking, modules, - symbols, return conventions. - :Description: From the Introduction: "Please understand that I - never wanted to write this document, being grossly underqualified, - but I always wanted to read it, and this was the only way. I - simply explain some best practices, and give reading entry-points - into the kernel sources. I avoid implementation details: that's - what the code is for, and I ignore whole tracts of useful - routines. This document assumes familiarity with C, and an - understanding of what the kernel is, and how it is used. It was - originally written for the 2.3 kernels, but nearly all of it - applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly different". - - * Title: **Writing an ALSA Driver** - - :Author: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> - :URL: http://www.alsa-project.org/~iwai/writing-an-alsa-driver/index.html - :Keywords: ALSA, sound, soundcard, driver, lowlevel, hardware. - :Description: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture for developers, - both at kernel and user-level sides. ALSA is the Linux kernel - sound architecture in the 2.6 kernel version. - - * Title: **Linux Kernel Mailing List Glossary** - - :Author: various - :URL: http://kernelnewbies.org/glossary/ - :Keywords: glossary, terms, linux-kernel. - :Description: From the introduction: "This glossary is intended as - a brief description of some of the acronyms and terms you may hear - during discussion of the Linux kernel". - - * Title: **Linux Kernel Locking HOWTO** - - :Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty. - :Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-locking.tmpl - (must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs}) - :Keywords: locks, locking, spinlock, semaphore, atomic, race - condition, bottom halves, tasklets, softirqs. - :Description: The title says it all: document describing the - locking system in the Linux Kernel either in uniprocessor or SMP - systems. - :Notes: "It was originally written for the later (>2.3.47) 2.3 - kernels, but most of it applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly - different". Freely redistributable under the conditions of the GNU - General Public License. - - * Title: **Global spinlock list and usage** - - :Author: Rick Lindsley. - :URL: http://lse.sourceforge.net/lockhier/global-spin-lock - :Keywords: spinlock. - :Description: This is an attempt to document both the existence and - usage of the spinlocks in the Linux 2.4.5 kernel. Comprehensive - list of spinlocks showing when they are used, which functions - access them, how each lock is acquired, under what conditions it - is held, whether interrupts can occur or not while it is held... - - * Title: **How To Make Sure Your Driver Will Work On The Power Macintosh** - - :Author: Paul Mackerras. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/261 - :Keywords: Mac, Power Macintosh, porting, drivers, compatibility. - :Description: The title says it all. - - * Title: **An Introduction to SCSI Drivers** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/284 - :Keywords: SCSI, device, driver. - :Description: The title says it all. - - * Title: **Advanced SCSI Drivers And Other Tales** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/307 - :Keywords: SCSI, device, driver, advanced. - :Description: The title says it all. - - * Title: **Writing Linux Mouse Drivers** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/330 - :Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm. - :Description: The title says it all. - - * Title: **More on Mouse Drivers** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/356 - :Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm, races, asynchronous I/O. - :Description: The title still says it all. - - * Title: **Writing Video4linux Radio Driver** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/381 - :Keywords: video4linux, driver, radio, radio devices. - :Description: The title says it all. - - * Title: **Video4linux Drivers, Part 1: Video-Capture Device** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/406 - :Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices, - camera driver. - :Description: The title says it all. - - * Title: **Video4linux Drivers, Part 2: Video-capture Devices** - - :Author: Alan Cox. - :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/429 - :Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices, - camera driver, control, query capabilities, capability, facility. - :Description: The title says it all. - - * Title: **Linux IP Networking. A Guide to the Implementation and Modification of the Linux Protocol Stack.** - - :Author: Glenn Herrin. - :URL: http://www.cs.unh.edu/cnrg/gherrin - :Keywords: network, networking, protocol, IP, UDP, TCP, connection, - socket, receiving, transmitting, forwarding, routing, packets, - modules, /proc, sk_buff, FIB, tags. - :Description: Excellent paper devoted to the Linux IP Networking, - explaining anything from the kernel's to the user space - configuration tools' code. Very good to get a general overview of - the kernel networking implementation and understand all steps - packets follow from the time they are received at the network - device till they are delivered to applications. The studied kernel - code is from 2.2.14 version. Provides code for a working packet - dropper example. - - * Title: **Linux PCMCIA Programmer's Guide** - - :Author: David Hinds. - :URL: http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/ftp/doc/PCMCIA-PROG.html - :Keywords: PCMCIA. - :Description: "This document describes how to write kernel device - drivers for the Linux PCMCIA Card Services interface. It also - describes how to write user-mode utilities for communicating with - Card Services. - - * Title: **A Linux vm README** - - :Author: Kanoj Sarcar. - :URL: http://kos.enix.org/pub/linux-vmm.html - :Keywords: virtual memory, mm, pgd, vma, page, page flags, page - cache, swap cache, kswapd. - :Description: Telegraphic, short descriptions and definitions - relating the Linux virtual memory implementation. - - * Title: **(nearly) Complete Linux Loadable Kernel Modules. The definitive guide for hackers, virus coders and system administrators.** - - :Author: pragmatic/THC. - :URL: http://packetstormsecurity.org/docs/hack/LKM_HACKING.html - :Keywords: syscalls, intercept, hide, abuse, symbol table. - :Description: Interesting paper on how to abuse the Linux kernel in - order to intercept and modify syscalls, make - files/directories/processes invisible, become root, hijack ttys, - write kernel modules based virus... and solutions for admins to - avoid all those abuses. - :Notes: For 2.0.x kernels. Gives guidances to port it to 2.2.x - kernels. + * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition** + + :Author: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman + :URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ + :Description: A 600-page book covering the (2.6.10) driver + programming API and kernel hacking in general. Available under the + Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. + + * Title: **The Linux Kernel** + + :Author: David A. Rusling. + :URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html + :Keywords: everything!, book. + :Description: On line, 200 pages book describing most aspects of + the Linux Kernel. Probably, the first reference for beginners. + Lots of illustrations explaining data structures use and + relationships in the purest Richard W. Stevens' style. Contents: + "1.-Hardware Basics, 2.-Software Basics, 3.-Memory Management, + 4.-Processes, 5.-Interprocess Communication Mechanisms, 6.-PCI, + 7.-Interrupts and Interrupt Handling, 8.-Device Drivers, 9.-The + File system, 10.-Networks, 11.-Kernel Mechanisms, 12.-Modules, + 13.-The Linux Kernel Sources, A.-Linux Data Structures, B.-The + Alpha AXP Processor, C.-Useful Web and FTP Sites, D.-The GNU + General Public License, Glossary". In short: a must have. + + * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition** + + :Author: Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet. + :URL: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/index.html + :Keywords: device drivers, modules, debugging, memory, hardware, + interrupt handling, char drivers, block drivers, kmod, mmap, DMA, + buses. + :Description: O'Reilly's popular book, now also on-line under the + GNU Free Documentation License. + :Notes: You can also buy it in paper-form from O'Reilly. See below + under BOOKS (Not on-line). + + * Title: **Conceptual Architecture of the Linux Kernel** + + :Author: Ivan T. Bowman. + :URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/ + :Keywords: conceptual software architecture, extracted design, + reverse engineering, system structure. + :Description: Conceptual software architecture of the Linux kernel, + automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good + figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding. + + * Title: **Concrete Architecture of the Linux Kernel** + + :Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Saheem Siddiqi, and Meyer C. Tanuan. + :URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/ + :Keywords: concrete architecture, extracted design, reverse + engineering, system structure, dependencies. + :Description: Concrete architecture of the Linux kernel, + automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good + figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding. This papers + focus on lower details than its predecessor (files, variables...). + + * Title: **Linux as a Case Study: Its Extracted Software Architecture** + + :Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Richard C. Holt and Neil V. Brewster. + :URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/ + :Keywords: software architecture, architecture recovery, + redocumentation. + :Description: Paper appeared at ICSE'99, Los Angeles, May 16-22, + 1999. A mixture of the previous two documents from the same + author. + + * Title: **Overview of the Virtual File System** + + :Author: Richard Gooch. + :URL: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt + :Keywords: VFS, File System, mounting filesystems, opening files, + dentries, dcache. + :Description: Brief introduction to the Linux Virtual File System. + What is it, how it works, operations taken when opening a file or + mounting a file system and description of important data + structures explaining the purpose of each of their entries. + + * Title: **The Linux RAID-1, 4, 5 Code** + + :Author: Ingo Molnar, Gadi Oxman and Miguel de Icaza. + :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=2391 + :Keywords: RAID, MD driver. + :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its + :Abstract: *A description of the implementation of the RAID-1, + RAID-4 and RAID-5 personalities of the MD device driver in the + Linux kernel, providing users with high performance and reliable, + secondary-storage capability using software*. + + * Title: **Dynamic Kernels: Modularized Device Drivers** + + :Author: Alessandro Rubini. + :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1219 + :Keywords: device driver, module, loading/unloading modules, + allocating resources. + :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its + :Abstract: *This is the first of a series of four articles + co-authored by Alessandro Rubini and Georg Zezchwitz which present + a practical approach to writing Linux device drivers as kernel + loadable modules. This installment presents an introduction to the + topic, preparing the reader to understand next month's + installment*. + + * Title: **Dynamic Kernels: Discovery** + + :Author: Alessandro Rubini. + :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1220 + :Keywords: character driver, init_module, clean_up module, + autodetection, mayor number, minor number, file operations, + open(), close(). + :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its + :Abstract: *This article, the second of four, introduces part of + the actual code to create custom module implementing a character + device driver. It describes the code for module initialization and + cleanup, as well as the open() and close() system calls*. + + * Title: **On submitting kernel Patches** + + :Author: Andi Kleen + :URL: http://halobates.de/on-submitting-kernel-patches.pdf + :Keywords: patches, review process, types of submissions, basic rules, case studies + :Description: This paper gives several experience values on what types of patches + there are and how likley they get merged. + :Abstract: + [...]. This paper examines some common problems for + submitting larger changes and some strategies to avoid problems. + + * Title: **Tracing the Way of Data in a TCP Connection through the Linux Kernel** + :Author: Richard Sailer + :URL: https://archive.org/details/linux_kernel_data_flow_short_paper + :Keywords: Linux Kernel Networking, TCP, tracing, ftrace + :Description: A seminar paper explaining ftrace and how to use it for + understanding linux kernel internals, + illustrated at tracing the way of a TCP packet through the kernel. + :Abstract: *This short paper outlines the usage of ftrace a tracing framework + as a tool to understand a running Linux system. + Having obtained a trace-log a kernel hacker can read and understand + source code more determined and with context. + In a detailed example this approach is demonstrated in tracing + and the way of data in a TCP Connection through the kernel. + Finally this trace-log is used as base for more a exact conceptual + exploration and description of the Linux TCP/IP implementation.* + + * Title: **The Devil's in the Details** + + :Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz and Alessandro Rubini. + :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1221 + :Keywords: read(), write(), select(), ioctl(), blocking/non + blocking mode, interrupt handler. + :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its + :Abstract: *This article, the third of four on writing character + device drivers, introduces concepts of reading, writing, and using + ioctl-calls*. + + * Title: **Dissecting Interrupts and Browsing DMA** + + :Author: Alessandro Rubini and Georg v. Zezschwitz. + :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1222 + :Keywords: interrupts, irqs, DMA, bottom halves, task queues. + :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its + :Abstract: *This is the fourth in a series of articles about + writing character device drivers as loadable kernel modules. This + month, we further investigate the field of interrupt handling. + Though it is conceptually simple, practical limitations and + constraints make this an ''interesting'' part of device driver + writing, and several different facilities have been provided for + different situations. We also investigate the complex topic of + DMA*. + + * Title: **Device Drivers Concluded** + + :Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz. + :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1287 + :Keywords: address spaces, pages, pagination, page management, + demand loading, swapping, memory protection, memory mapping, mmap, + virtual memory areas (VMAs), vremap, PCI. + :Description: Finally, the above turned out into a five articles + series. This latest one's introduction reads: "This is the last of + five articles about character device drivers. In this final + section, Georg deals with memory mapping devices, beginning with + an overall description of the Linux memory management concepts". + + * Title: **Network Buffers And Memory Management** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1312 + :Keywords: sk_buffs, network devices, protocol/link layer + variables, network devices flags, transmit, receive, + configuration, multicast. + :Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner. + :Abstract: *Writing a network device driver for Linux is fundamentally + simple---most of the complexity (other than talking to the + hardware) involves managing network packets in memory*. + + * Title: **Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide** + + :Author: Michael K. Johnson. + :URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/khg.html + :Keywords: device drivers, files, VFS, kernel interface, character vs + block devices, hardware interrupts, scsi, DMA, access to user memory, + memory allocation, timers. + :Description: A guide designed to help you get up to speed on the + concepts that are not intuitevly obvious, and to document the internal + structures of Linux. + + * Title: **The Venus kernel interface** + + :Author: Peter J. Braam. + :URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/html/kernel-venus-protocol.html + :Keywords: coda, filesystem, venus, cache manager. + :Description: "This document describes the communication between + Venus and kernel level file system code needed for the operation + of the Coda filesystem. This version document is meant to describe + the current interface (version 1.0) as well as improvements we + envisage". + + * Title: **Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem** + + :Author: Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie. + :URL: http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html + :Keywords: ext2, linux fs history, inode, directory, link, devices, + VFS, physical structure, performance, benchmarks, ext2fs library, + ext2fs tools, e2fsck. + :Description: Paper written by three of the top ext2 hackers. + Covers Linux filesystems history, ext2 motivation, ext2 features, + design, physical structure on disk, performance, benchmarks, + e2fsck's passes description... A must read! + :Notes: This paper was first published in the Proceedings of the + First Dutch International Symposium on Linux, ISBN 90-367-0385-9. + + * Title: **Analysis of the Ext2fs structure** + + :Author: Louis-Dominique Dubeau. + :URL: http://teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS2002/fs-ext2/ + :Keywords: ext2, filesystem, ext2fs. + :Description: Description of ext2's blocks, directories, inodes, + bitmaps, invariants... + + * Title: **Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide** + + :Author: Ori Pomerantz. + :URL: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/index.html + :Keywords: modules, GPL book, /proc, ioctls, system calls, + interrupt handlers . + :Description: Very nice 92 pages GPL book on the topic of modules + programming. Lots of examples. + + * Title: **I/O Event Handling Under Linux** + + :Author: Richard Gooch. + :Keywords: IO, I/O, select(2), poll(2), FDs, aio_read(2), readiness + event queues. + :Description: From the Introduction: "I/O Event handling is about + how your Operating System allows you to manage a large number of + open files (file descriptors in UNIX/POSIX, or FDs) in your + application. You want the OS to notify you when FDs become active + (have data ready to be read or are ready for writing). Ideally you + want a mechanism that is scalable. This means a large number of + inactive FDs cost very little in memory and CPU time to manage". + + * Title: **The Kernel Hacking HOWTO** + + :Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty. + :Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl + (must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs}) + :Keywords: HOWTO, kernel contexts, deadlock, locking, modules, + symbols, return conventions. + :Description: From the Introduction: "Please understand that I + never wanted to write this document, being grossly underqualified, + but I always wanted to read it, and this was the only way. I + simply explain some best practices, and give reading entry-points + into the kernel sources. I avoid implementation details: that's + what the code is for, and I ignore whole tracts of useful + routines. This document assumes familiarity with C, and an + understanding of what the kernel is, and how it is used. It was + originally written for the 2.3 kernels, but nearly all of it + applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly different". + + * Title: **Writing an ALSA Driver** + + :Author: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> + :URL: http://www.alsa-project.org/~iwai/writing-an-alsa-driver/index.html + :Keywords: ALSA, sound, soundcard, driver, lowlevel, hardware. + :Description: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture for developers, + both at kernel and user-level sides. ALSA is the Linux kernel + sound architecture in the 2.6 kernel version. + + * Title: **Linux Kernel Mailing List Glossary** + + :Author: various + :URL: http://kernelnewbies.org/glossary/ + :Keywords: glossary, terms, linux-kernel. + :Description: From the introduction: "This glossary is intended as + a brief description of some of the acronyms and terms you may hear + during discussion of the Linux kernel". + + * Title: **Linux Kernel Locking HOWTO** + + :Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty. + :Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-locking.tmpl + (must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs}) + :Keywords: locks, locking, spinlock, semaphore, atomic, race + condition, bottom halves, tasklets, softirqs. + :Description: The title says it all: document describing the + locking system in the Linux Kernel either in uniprocessor or SMP + systems. + :Notes: "It was originally written for the later (>2.3.47) 2.3 + kernels, but most of it applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly + different". Freely redistributable under the conditions of the GNU + General Public License. + + * Title: **Global spinlock list and usage** + + :Author: Rick Lindsley. + :URL: http://lse.sourceforge.net/lockhier/global-spin-lock + :Keywords: spinlock. + :Description: This is an attempt to document both the existence and + usage of the spinlocks in the Linux 2.4.5 kernel. Comprehensive + list of spinlocks showing when they are used, which functions + access them, how each lock is acquired, under what conditions it + is held, whether interrupts can occur or not while it is held... + + * Title: **How To Make Sure Your Driver Will Work On The Power Macintosh** + + :Author: Paul Mackerras. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/261 + :Keywords: Mac, Power Macintosh, porting, drivers, compatibility. + :Description: The title says it all. + + * Title: **An Introduction to SCSI Drivers** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/284 + :Keywords: SCSI, device, driver. + :Description: The title says it all. + + * Title: **Advanced SCSI Drivers And Other Tales** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/307 + :Keywords: SCSI, device, driver, advanced. + :Description: The title says it all. + + * Title: **Writing Linux Mouse Drivers** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/330 + :Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm. + :Description: The title says it all. + + * Title: **More on Mouse Drivers** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/356 + :Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm, races, asynchronous I/O. + :Description: The title still says it all. + + * Title: **Writing Video4linux Radio Driver** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/381 + :Keywords: video4linux, driver, radio, radio devices. + :Description: The title says it all. + + * Title: **Video4linux Drivers, Part 1: Video-Capture Device** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/406 + :Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices, + camera driver. + :Description: The title says it all. + + * Title: **Video4linux Drivers, Part 2: Video-capture Devices** + + :Author: Alan Cox. + :URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/429 + :Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices, + camera driver, control, query capabilities, capability, facility. + :Description: The title says it all. + + * Title: **Linux IP Networking. A Guide to the Implementation and Modification of the Linux Protocol Stack.** + + :Author: Glenn Herrin. + :URL: http://www.cs.unh.edu/cnrg/gherrin + :Keywords: network, networking, protocol, IP, UDP, TCP, connection, + socket, receiving, transmitting, forwarding, routing, packets, + modules, /proc, sk_buff, FIB, tags. + :Description: Excellent paper devoted to the Linux IP Networking, + explaining anything from the kernel's to the user space + configuration tools' code. Very good to get a general overview of + the kernel networking implementation and understand all steps + packets follow from the time they are received at the network + device till they are delivered to applications. The studied kernel + code is from 2.2.14 version. Provides code for a working packet + dropper example. + + * Title: **Linux PCMCIA Programmer's Guide** + + :Author: David Hinds. + :URL: http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/ftp/doc/PCMCIA-PROG.html + :Keywords: PCMCIA. + :Description: "This document describes how to write kernel device + drivers for the Linux PCMCIA Card Services interface. It also + describes how to write user-mode utilities for communicating with + Card Services. + + * Title: **A Linux vm README** + + :Author: Kanoj Sarcar. + :URL: http://kos.enix.org/pub/linux-vmm.html + :Keywords: virtual memory, mm, pgd, vma, page, page flags, page + cache, swap cache, kswapd. + :Description: Telegraphic, short descriptions and definitions + relating the Linux virtual memory implementation. + + * Title: **(nearly) Complete Linux Loadable Kernel Modules. The definitive guide for hackers, virus coders and system administrators.** + + :Author: pragmatic/THC. + :URL: http://packetstormsecurity.org/docs/hack/LKM_HACKING.html + :Keywords: syscalls, intercept, hide, abuse, symbol table. + :Description: Interesting paper on how to abuse the Linux kernel in + order to intercept and modify syscalls, make + files/directories/processes invisible, become root, hijack ttys, + write kernel modules based virus... and solutions for admins to + avoid all those abuses. + :Notes: For 2.0.x kernels. Gives guidances to port it to 2.2.x + kernels. BOOKS: (Not on-line) -------------------- - * Title: **Linux Device Drivers** - - :Author: Alessandro Rubini - :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates - :Date: 1998 - :Pages: 439 - :ISBN: 1-56592-292-1 - - * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition** - - :Author: Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet - :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates - :Date: 2001 - :Pages: 586 - :ISBN: 0-59600-008-1 - :Notes: Further information in - http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive2/ - - * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition** - - :Authors: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman - :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates - :Date: 2005 - :Pages: 636 - :ISBN: 0-596-00590-3 - :Notes: Further information in - http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive3/ - PDF format, URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ - - * Title: **Linux Kernel Internals** - - :Author: Michael Beck - :Publisher: Addison-Wesley - :Date: 1997 - :ISBN: 0-201-33143-8 (second edition) - - * Title: **The Design of the UNIX Operating System** - - :Author: Maurice J. Bach - :Publisher: Prentice Hall - :Date: 1986 - :Pages: 471 - :ISBN: 0-13-201757-1 - - * Title: **The Design and Implementation of the 4.3 BSD UNIX Operating System** - - :Author: Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J - Karels, John S. Quarterman - :Publisher: Addison-Wesley - :Date: 1989 (reprinted with corrections on October, 1990) - :ISBN: 0-201-06196-1 - - * Title: **The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD UNIX Operating System** - - :Author: Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels, - John S. Quarterman - :Publisher: Addison-Wesley - :Date: 1996 - :ISBN: 0-201-54979-4 - - * Title: **Programmation Linux 2.0 API systeme et fonctionnement du noyau** - - :Author: Remy Card, Eric Dumas, Franck Mevel - :Publisher: Eyrolles - :Date: 1997 - :Pages: 520 - :ISBN: 2-212-08932-5 - :Notes: French - - * Title: **Unix internals -- the new frontiers** - - :Author: Uresh Vahalia - :Publisher: Prentice Hall - :Date: 1996 - :Pages: 600 - :ISBN: 0-13-101908-2 - - * Title: **Programming for the real world - POSIX.4** - - :Author: Bill O. Gallmeister - :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc - :Date: 1995 - :Pages: ??? - :ISBN: I-56592-074-0 - :Notes: Though not being directly about Linux, Linux aims to be - POSIX. Good reference. - - * Title: **UNIX Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers** - - :Author: Curt Schimmel - :Publisher: Addison Wesley - :Date: June, 1994 - :Pages: 432 - :ISBN: 0-201-63338-8 - - * Title: **Linux Kernel Development, 3rd Edition** - - :Author: Robert Love - :Publisher: Addison-Wesley - :Date: July, 2010 - :Pages: 440 - :ISBN: 978-0672329463 - - * Title: **Linux Kernel Networking: Implementation and Theory** - - :Author: Rami Rosen - :Publisher: Apress - :Date: December 22, 2013 - :Pages: 648 - :ISBN: 978-1430261964 - - * Title: **Linux Treiber entwickeln** - - :Author: Jürgen Quade, Eva-Katharina Kunst - :Publisher: dpunkt.verlag - :Date: Oct 2015 (4th edition) - :Pages: 688 - :ISBN: 978-3-86490-288-8 - :Note: German. The third edition from 2011 is - much cheaper and still quite up-to-date. + * Title: **Linux Device Drivers** + + :Author: Alessandro Rubini + :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates + :Date: 1998 + :Pages: 439 + :ISBN: 1-56592-292-1 + + * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition** + + :Author: Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet + :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates + :Date: 2001 + :Pages: 586 + :ISBN: 0-59600-008-1 + :Notes: Further information in + http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive2/ + + * Title: **Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition** + + :Authors: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman + :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates + :Date: 2005 + :Pages: 636 + :ISBN: 0-596-00590-3 + :Notes: Further information in + http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive3/ + PDF format, URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ + + * Title: **Linux Kernel Internals** + + :Author: Michael Beck + :Publisher: Addison-Wesley + :Date: 1997 + :ISBN: 0-201-33143-8 (second edition) + + * Title: **The Design of the UNIX Operating System** + + :Author: Maurice J. Bach + :Publisher: Prentice Hall + :Date: 1986 + :Pages: 471 + :ISBN: 0-13-201757-1 + + * Title: **The Design and Implementation of the 4.3 BSD UNIX Operating System** + + :Author: Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J + Karels, John S. Quarterman + :Publisher: Addison-Wesley + :Date: 1989 (reprinted with corrections on October, 1990) + :ISBN: 0-201-06196-1 + + * Title: **The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD UNIX Operating System** + + :Author: Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels, + John S. Quarterman + :Publisher: Addison-Wesley + :Date: 1996 + :ISBN: 0-201-54979-4 + + * Title: **Programmation Linux 2.0 API systeme et fonctionnement du noyau** + + :Author: Remy Card, Eric Dumas, Franck Mevel + :Publisher: Eyrolles + :Date: 1997 + :Pages: 520 + :ISBN: 2-212-08932-5 + :Notes: French + + * Title: **Unix internals -- the new frontiers** + + :Author: Uresh Vahalia + :Publisher: Prentice Hall + :Date: 1996 + :Pages: 600 + :ISBN: 0-13-101908-2 + + * Title: **Programming for the real world - POSIX.4** + + :Author: Bill O. Gallmeister + :Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc + :Date: 1995 + :Pages: ??? + :ISBN: I-56592-074-0 + :Notes: Though not being directly about Linux, Linux aims to be + POSIX. Good reference. + + * Title: **UNIX Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers** + + :Author: Curt Schimmel + :Publisher: Addison Wesley + :Date: June, 1994 + :Pages: 432 + :ISBN: 0-201-63338-8 + + * Title: **Linux Kernel Development, 3rd Edition** + + :Author: Robert Love + :Publisher: Addison-Wesley + :Date: July, 2010 + :Pages: 440 + :ISBN: 978-0672329463 + + * Title: **Linux Kernel Networking: Implementation and Theory** + + :Author: Rami Rosen + :Publisher: Apress + :Date: December 22, 2013 + :Pages: 648 + :ISBN: 978-1430261964 + + * Title: **Linux Treiber entwickeln** + + :Author: Jürgen Quade, Eva-Katharina Kunst + :Publisher: dpunkt.verlag + :Date: Oct 2015 (4th edition) + :Pages: 688 + :ISBN: 978-3-86490-288-8 + :Note: German. The third edition from 2011 is + much cheaper and still quite up-to-date. MISCELLANEOUS ------------- - * Name: **linux/Documentation** - - :Author: Many. - :URL: Just look inside your kernel sources. - :Keywords: anything, DocBook. - :Description: Documentation that comes with the kernel sources, - inside the Documentation directory. Some pages from this document - (including this document itself) have been moved there, and might - be more up to date than the web version. - - * Name: **Linux Kernel Source Reference** - - :Author: Thomas Graichen. - :URL: http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=96446640102205&w=4 - :Keywords: CVS, web, cvsweb, browsing source code. - :Description: Web interface to a CVS server with the kernel - sources. "Here you can have a look at any file of the Linux kernel - sources of any version starting from 1.0 up to the (daily updated) - current version available. Also you can check the differences - between two versions of a file". - - * Name: **Cross-Referencing Linux** - - :URL: http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ - :Keywords: Browsing source code. - :Description: Another web-based Linux kernel source code browser. - Lots of cross references to variables and functions. You can see - where they are defined and where they are used. - - * Name: **Linux Weekly News** - - :URL: http://lwn.net - :Keywords: latest kernel news. - :Description: The title says it all. There's a fixed kernel section - summarizing developers' work, bug fixes, new features and versions - produced during the week. Published every Thursday. - - * Name: **Linux Virtual File System** - - :Author: Peter J. Braam. - :URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/talks/linuxvfs/ - :Keywords: slides, VFS, inode, superblock, dentry, dcache. - :Description: Set of slides, presumably from a presentation on the - Linux VFS layer. Covers version 2.1.x, with dentries and the - dcache. - - * Name: **The home page of Linux-MM** - - :Author: The Linux-MM team. - :URL: http://linux-mm.org/ - :Keywords: memory management, Linux-MM, mm patches, TODO, docs, - mailing list. - :Description: Site devoted to Linux Memory Management development. - Memory related patches, HOWTOs, links, mm developers... Don't miss - it if you are interested in memory management development! - - * Name: **Kernel Newbies IRC Channel and Website** - - :URL: http://www.kernelnewbies.org - :Keywords: IRC, newbies, channel, asking doubts. - :Description: #kernelnewbies on irc.oftc.net. - #kernelnewbies is an IRC network dedicated to the 'newbie' - kernel hacker. The audience mostly consists of people who are - learning about the kernel, working on kernel projects or - professional kernel hackers that want to help less seasoned kernel - people. - #kernelnewbies is on the OFTC IRC Network. - Try irc.oftc.net as your server and then /join #kernelnewbies. - The kernelnewbies website also hosts articles, documents, FAQs... - - * Name: **linux-kernel mailing list archives and search engines** - - :URL: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html - :URL: http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/index.html - :URL: http://groups.google.com/group/mlist.linux.kernel - :Keywords: linux-kernel, archives, search. - :Description: Some of the linux-kernel mailing list archivers. If - you have a better/another one, please let me know. + * Name: **linux/Documentation** + + :Author: Many. + :URL: Just look inside your kernel sources. + :Keywords: anything, DocBook. + :Description: Documentation that comes with the kernel sources, + inside the Documentation directory. Some pages from this document + (including this document itself) have been moved there, and might + be more up to date than the web version. + + * Name: **Linux Kernel Source Reference** + + :Author: Thomas Graichen. + :URL: http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=96446640102205&w=4 + :Keywords: CVS, web, cvsweb, browsing source code. + :Description: Web interface to a CVS server with the kernel + sources. "Here you can have a look at any file of the Linux kernel + sources of any version starting from 1.0 up to the (daily updated) + current version available. Also you can check the differences + between two versions of a file". + + * Name: **Cross-Referencing Linux** + + :URL: http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ + :Keywords: Browsing source code. + :Description: Another web-based Linux kernel source code browser. + Lots of cross references to variables and functions. You can see + where they are defined and where they are used. + + * Name: **Linux Weekly News** + + :URL: http://lwn.net + :Keywords: latest kernel news. + :Description: The title says it all. There's a fixed kernel section + summarizing developers' work, bug fixes, new features and versions + produced during the week. Published every Thursday. + + * Name: **Linux Virtual File System** + + :Author: Peter J. Braam. + :URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/talks/linuxvfs/ + :Keywords: slides, VFS, inode, superblock, dentry, dcache. + :Description: Set of slides, presumably from a presentation on the + Linux VFS layer. Covers version 2.1.x, with dentries and the + dcache. + + * Name: **The home page of Linux-MM** + + :Author: The Linux-MM team. + :URL: http://linux-mm.org/ + :Keywords: memory management, Linux-MM, mm patches, TODO, docs, + mailing list. + :Description: Site devoted to Linux Memory Management development. + Memory related patches, HOWTOs, links, mm developers... Don't miss + it if you are interested in memory management development! + + * Name: **Kernel Newbies IRC Channel and Website** + + :URL: http://www.kernelnewbies.org + :Keywords: IRC, newbies, channel, asking doubts. + :Description: #kernelnewbies on irc.oftc.net. + #kernelnewbies is an IRC network dedicated to the 'newbie' + kernel hacker. The audience mostly consists of people who are + learning about the kernel, working on kernel projects or + professional kernel hackers that want to help less seasoned kernel + people. + #kernelnewbies is on the OFTC IRC Network. + Try irc.oftc.net as your server and then /join #kernelnewbies. + The kernelnewbies website also hosts articles, documents, FAQs... + + * Name: **linux-kernel mailing list archives and search engines** + + :URL: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html + :URL: http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/index.html + :URL: http://groups.google.com/group/mlist.linux.kernel + :Keywords: linux-kernel, archives, search. + :Description: Some of the linux-kernel mailing list archivers. If + you have a better/another one, please let me know. ------- |