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authorJosef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>2010-06-21 14:48:16 -0400
committerJosef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>2010-10-28 15:59:09 -0400
commit0af3d00bad38d3bb9912a60928ad0669f17bdb76 (patch)
treeabbf4c773138a33dcde483ac60f016c4b5e55dcc /fs/btrfs
parentf6f94e2ab1b33f0082ac22d71f66385a60d8157f (diff)
downloadlwn-0af3d00bad38d3bb9912a60928ad0669f17bdb76.tar.gz
lwn-0af3d00bad38d3bb9912a60928ad0669f17bdb76.zip
Btrfs: create special free space cache inode
In order to save free space cache, we need an inode to hold the data, and we need a special item to point at the right inode for the right block group. So first, create a special item that will point to the right inode, and the number of extent entries we will have and the number of bitmaps we will have. We truncate and pre-allocate space everytime to make sure it's uptodate. This feature will be turned on as soon as you mount with -o space_cache, however it is safe to boot into old kernels, they will just generate the cache the old fashion way. When you boot back into a newer kernel we will notice that we modified and not the cache and automatically discard the cache. Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>
Diffstat (limited to 'fs/btrfs')
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/ctree.h74
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/disk-io.c3
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c231
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.c155
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.h11
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/inode.c95
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/relocation.c91
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/super.c7
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/transaction.c43
-rw-r--r--fs/btrfs/transaction.h4
10 files changed, 668 insertions, 46 deletions
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/ctree.h b/fs/btrfs/ctree.h
index eaf286abad17..46f52e1beade 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/ctree.h
+++ b/fs/btrfs/ctree.h
@@ -99,6 +99,9 @@ struct btrfs_ordered_sum;
*/
#define BTRFS_EXTENT_CSUM_OBJECTID -10ULL
+/* For storing free space cache */
+#define BTRFS_FREE_SPACE_OBJECTID -11ULL
+
/* dummy objectid represents multiple objectids */
#define BTRFS_MULTIPLE_OBJECTIDS -255ULL
@@ -265,6 +268,22 @@ struct btrfs_chunk {
/* additional stripes go here */
} __attribute__ ((__packed__));
+#define BTRFS_FREE_SPACE_EXTENT 1
+#define BTRFS_FREE_SPACE_BITMAP 2
+
+struct btrfs_free_space_entry {
+ __le64 offset;
+ __le64 bytes;
+ u8 type;
+} __attribute__ ((__packed__));
+
+struct btrfs_free_space_header {
+ struct btrfs_disk_key location;
+ __le64 generation;
+ __le64 num_entries;
+ __le64 num_bitmaps;
+} __attribute__ ((__packed__));
+
static inline unsigned long btrfs_chunk_item_size(int num_stripes)
{
BUG_ON(num_stripes == 0);
@@ -365,8 +384,10 @@ struct btrfs_super_block {
char label[BTRFS_LABEL_SIZE];
+ __le64 cache_generation;
+
/* future expansion */
- __le64 reserved[32];
+ __le64 reserved[31];
u8 sys_chunk_array[BTRFS_SYSTEM_CHUNK_ARRAY_SIZE];
} __attribute__ ((__packed__));
@@ -375,12 +396,12 @@ struct btrfs_super_block {
* ones specified below then we will fail to mount
*/
#define BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_MIXED_BACKREF (1ULL << 0)
-#define BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_DEFAULT_SUBVOL (2ULL << 0)
+#define BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_DEFAULT_SUBVOL (1ULL << 1)
#define BTRFS_FEATURE_COMPAT_SUPP 0ULL
#define BTRFS_FEATURE_COMPAT_RO_SUPP 0ULL
-#define BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_SUPP \
- (BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_MIXED_BACKREF | \
+#define BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_SUPP \
+ (BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_MIXED_BACKREF | \
BTRFS_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_DEFAULT_SUBVOL)
/*
@@ -750,6 +771,14 @@ enum btrfs_caching_type {
BTRFS_CACHE_FINISHED = 2,
};
+enum btrfs_disk_cache_state {
+ BTRFS_DC_WRITTEN = 0,
+ BTRFS_DC_ERROR = 1,
+ BTRFS_DC_CLEAR = 2,
+ BTRFS_DC_SETUP = 3,
+ BTRFS_DC_NEED_WRITE = 4,
+};
+
struct btrfs_caching_control {
struct list_head list;
struct mutex mutex;
@@ -763,6 +792,7 @@ struct btrfs_block_group_cache {
struct btrfs_key key;
struct btrfs_block_group_item item;
struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info;
+ struct inode *inode;
spinlock_t lock;
u64 pinned;
u64 reserved;
@@ -773,8 +803,11 @@ struct btrfs_block_group_cache {
int extents_thresh;
int free_extents;
int total_bitmaps;
- int ro;
- int dirty;
+ int ro:1;
+ int dirty:1;
+ int iref:1;
+
+ int disk_cache_state;
/* cache tracking stuff */
int cached;
@@ -1192,6 +1225,7 @@ struct btrfs_root {
#define BTRFS_MOUNT_NOSSD (1 << 9)
#define BTRFS_MOUNT_DISCARD (1 << 10)
#define BTRFS_MOUNT_FORCE_COMPRESS (1 << 11)
+#define BTRFS_MOUNT_SPACE_CACHE (1 << 12)
#define btrfs_clear_opt(o, opt) ((o) &= ~BTRFS_MOUNT_##opt)
#define btrfs_set_opt(o, opt) ((o) |= BTRFS_MOUNT_##opt)
@@ -1665,6 +1699,27 @@ static inline void btrfs_set_dir_item_key(struct extent_buffer *eb,
write_eb_member(eb, item, struct btrfs_dir_item, location, key);
}
+BTRFS_SETGET_FUNCS(free_space_entries, struct btrfs_free_space_header,
+ num_entries, 64);
+BTRFS_SETGET_FUNCS(free_space_bitmaps, struct btrfs_free_space_header,
+ num_bitmaps, 64);
+BTRFS_SETGET_FUNCS(free_space_generation, struct btrfs_free_space_header,
+ generation, 64);
+
+static inline void btrfs_free_space_key(struct extent_buffer *eb,
+ struct btrfs_free_space_header *h,
+ struct btrfs_disk_key *key)
+{
+ read_eb_member(eb, h, struct btrfs_free_space_header, location, key);
+}
+
+static inline void btrfs_set_free_space_key(struct extent_buffer *eb,
+ struct btrfs_free_space_header *h,
+ struct btrfs_disk_key *key)
+{
+ write_eb_member(eb, h, struct btrfs_free_space_header, location, key);
+}
+
/* struct btrfs_disk_key */
BTRFS_SETGET_STACK_FUNCS(disk_key_objectid, struct btrfs_disk_key,
objectid, 64);
@@ -1876,6 +1931,8 @@ BTRFS_SETGET_STACK_FUNCS(super_incompat_flags, struct btrfs_super_block,
incompat_flags, 64);
BTRFS_SETGET_STACK_FUNCS(super_csum_type, struct btrfs_super_block,
csum_type, 16);
+BTRFS_SETGET_STACK_FUNCS(super_cache_generation, struct btrfs_super_block,
+ cache_generation, 64);
static inline int btrfs_super_csum_size(struct btrfs_super_block *s)
{
@@ -2115,6 +2172,7 @@ int btrfs_set_block_group_ro(struct btrfs_root *root,
struct btrfs_block_group_cache *cache);
int btrfs_set_block_group_rw(struct btrfs_root *root,
struct btrfs_block_group_cache *cache);
+void btrfs_put_block_group_cache(struct btrfs_fs_info *info);
/* ctree.c */
int btrfs_bin_search(struct extent_buffer *eb, struct btrfs_key *key,
int level, int *slot);
@@ -2426,6 +2484,10 @@ void btrfs_run_delayed_iputs(struct btrfs_root *root);
int btrfs_prealloc_file_range(struct inode *inode, int mode,
u64 start, u64 num_bytes, u64 min_size,
loff_t actual_len, u64 *alloc_hint);
+int btrfs_prealloc_file_range_trans(struct inode *inode,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans, int mode,
+ u64 start, u64 num_bytes, u64 min_size,
+ loff_t actual_len, u64 *alloc_hint);
extern const struct dentry_operations btrfs_dentry_operations;
/* ioctl.c */
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/disk-io.c b/fs/btrfs/disk-io.c
index 64f10082f048..45cf64fc1e3e 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/disk-io.c
+++ b/fs/btrfs/disk-io.c
@@ -1685,7 +1685,6 @@ struct btrfs_root *open_ctree(struct super_block *sb,
__setup_root(4096, 4096, 4096, 4096, tree_root,
fs_info, BTRFS_ROOT_TREE_OBJECTID);
-
bh = btrfs_read_dev_super(fs_devices->latest_bdev);
if (!bh)
goto fail_iput;
@@ -1993,6 +1992,7 @@ struct btrfs_root *open_ctree(struct super_block *sb,
if (!(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
down_read(&fs_info->cleanup_work_sem);
btrfs_orphan_cleanup(fs_info->fs_root);
+ btrfs_orphan_cleanup(fs_info->tree_root);
up_read(&fs_info->cleanup_work_sem);
}
@@ -2421,6 +2421,7 @@ int close_ctree(struct btrfs_root *root)
fs_info->closing = 1;
smp_mb();
+ btrfs_put_block_group_cache(fs_info);
if (!(fs_info->sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
ret = btrfs_commit_super(root);
if (ret)
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c b/fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c
index 32d094002a57..aab40fb3faed 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c
+++ b/fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c
@@ -2688,6 +2688,109 @@ next_block_group(struct btrfs_root *root,
return cache;
}
+static int cache_save_setup(struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
+ struct btrfs_path *path)
+{
+ struct btrfs_root *root = block_group->fs_info->tree_root;
+ struct inode *inode = NULL;
+ u64 alloc_hint = 0;
+ int num_pages = 0;
+ int retries = 0;
+ int ret = 0;
+
+ /*
+ * If this block group is smaller than 100 megs don't bother caching the
+ * block group.
+ */
+ if (block_group->key.offset < (100 * 1024 * 1024)) {
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ block_group->disk_cache_state = BTRFS_DC_WRITTEN;
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+again:
+ inode = lookup_free_space_inode(root, block_group, path);
+ if (IS_ERR(inode) && PTR_ERR(inode) != -ENOENT) {
+ ret = PTR_ERR(inode);
+ btrfs_release_path(root, path);
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ if (IS_ERR(inode)) {
+ BUG_ON(retries);
+ retries++;
+
+ if (block_group->ro)
+ goto out_free;
+
+ ret = create_free_space_inode(root, trans, block_group, path);
+ if (ret)
+ goto out_free;
+ goto again;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * We want to set the generation to 0, that way if anything goes wrong
+ * from here on out we know not to trust this cache when we load up next
+ * time.
+ */
+ BTRFS_I(inode)->generation = 0;
+ ret = btrfs_update_inode(trans, root, inode);
+ WARN_ON(ret);
+
+ if (i_size_read(inode) > 0) {
+ ret = btrfs_truncate_free_space_cache(root, trans, path,
+ inode);
+ if (ret)
+ goto out_put;
+ }
+
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ if (block_group->cached != BTRFS_CACHE_FINISHED) {
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ goto out_put;
+ }
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+
+ num_pages = (int)div64_u64(block_group->key.offset, 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+ if (!num_pages)
+ num_pages = 1;
+
+ /*
+ * Just to make absolutely sure we have enough space, we're going to
+ * preallocate 12 pages worth of space for each block group. In
+ * practice we ought to use at most 8, but we need extra space so we can
+ * add our header and have a terminator between the extents and the
+ * bitmaps.
+ */
+ num_pages *= 16;
+ num_pages *= PAGE_CACHE_SIZE;
+
+ ret = btrfs_check_data_free_space(inode, num_pages);
+ if (ret)
+ goto out_put;
+
+ ret = btrfs_prealloc_file_range_trans(inode, trans, 0, 0, num_pages,
+ num_pages, num_pages,
+ &alloc_hint);
+ btrfs_free_reserved_data_space(inode, num_pages);
+out_put:
+ iput(inode);
+out_free:
+ btrfs_release_path(root, path);
+out:
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ if (ret)
+ block_group->disk_cache_state = BTRFS_DC_ERROR;
+ else
+ block_group->disk_cache_state = BTRFS_DC_SETUP;
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
int btrfs_write_dirty_block_groups(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
struct btrfs_root *root)
{
@@ -2700,6 +2803,25 @@ int btrfs_write_dirty_block_groups(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
if (!path)
return -ENOMEM;
+again:
+ while (1) {
+ cache = btrfs_lookup_first_block_group(root->fs_info, last);
+ while (cache) {
+ if (cache->disk_cache_state == BTRFS_DC_CLEAR)
+ break;
+ cache = next_block_group(root, cache);
+ }
+ if (!cache) {
+ if (last == 0)
+ break;
+ last = 0;
+ continue;
+ }
+ err = cache_save_setup(cache, trans, path);
+ last = cache->key.objectid + cache->key.offset;
+ btrfs_put_block_group(cache);
+ }
+
while (1) {
if (last == 0) {
err = btrfs_run_delayed_refs(trans, root,
@@ -2709,6 +2831,11 @@ int btrfs_write_dirty_block_groups(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
cache = btrfs_lookup_first_block_group(root->fs_info, last);
while (cache) {
+ if (cache->disk_cache_state == BTRFS_DC_CLEAR) {
+ btrfs_put_block_group(cache);
+ goto again;
+ }
+
if (cache->dirty)
break;
cache = next_block_group(root, cache);
@@ -2883,11 +3010,16 @@ int btrfs_check_data_free_space(struct inode *inode, u64 bytes)
struct btrfs_space_info *data_sinfo;
struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
u64 used;
- int ret = 0, committed = 0;
+ int ret = 0, committed = 0, alloc_chunk = 1;
/* make sure bytes are sectorsize aligned */
bytes = (bytes + root->sectorsize - 1) & ~((u64)root->sectorsize - 1);
+ if (root == root->fs_info->tree_root) {
+ alloc_chunk = 0;
+ committed = 1;
+ }
+
data_sinfo = BTRFS_I(inode)->space_info;
if (!data_sinfo)
goto alloc;
@@ -2906,7 +3038,7 @@ again:
* if we don't have enough free bytes in this space then we need
* to alloc a new chunk.
*/
- if (!data_sinfo->full) {
+ if (!data_sinfo->full && alloc_chunk) {
u64 alloc_target;
data_sinfo->force_alloc = 1;
@@ -3777,12 +3909,12 @@ static int update_block_group(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
struct btrfs_root *root,
u64 bytenr, u64 num_bytes, int alloc)
{
- struct btrfs_block_group_cache *cache;
+ struct btrfs_block_group_cache *cache = NULL;
struct btrfs_fs_info *info = root->fs_info;
- int factor;
u64 total = num_bytes;
u64 old_val;
u64 byte_in_group;
+ int factor;
/* block accounting for super block */
spin_lock(&info->delalloc_lock);
@@ -3804,11 +3936,17 @@ static int update_block_group(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
factor = 2;
else
factor = 1;
+
byte_in_group = bytenr - cache->key.objectid;
WARN_ON(byte_in_group > cache->key.offset);
spin_lock(&cache->space_info->lock);
spin_lock(&cache->lock);
+
+ if (btrfs_super_cache_generation(&info->super_copy) != 0 &&
+ cache->disk_cache_state < BTRFS_DC_CLEAR)
+ cache->disk_cache_state = BTRFS_DC_CLEAR;
+
cache->dirty = 1;
old_val = btrfs_block_group_used(&cache->item);
num_bytes = min(total, cache->key.offset - byte_in_group);
@@ -7814,6 +7952,40 @@ out:
return ret;
}
+void btrfs_put_block_group_cache(struct btrfs_fs_info *info)
+{
+ struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group;
+ u64 last = 0;
+
+ while (1) {
+ struct inode *inode;
+
+ block_group = btrfs_lookup_first_block_group(info, last);
+ while (block_group) {
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ if (block_group->iref)
+ break;
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ block_group = next_block_group(info->tree_root,
+ block_group);
+ }
+ if (!block_group) {
+ if (last == 0)
+ break;
+ last = 0;
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ inode = block_group->inode;
+ block_group->iref = 0;
+ block_group->inode = NULL;
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ iput(inode);
+ last = block_group->key.objectid + block_group->key.offset;
+ btrfs_put_block_group(block_group);
+ }
+}
+
int btrfs_free_block_groups(struct btrfs_fs_info *info)
{
struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group;
@@ -7897,6 +8069,8 @@ int btrfs_read_block_groups(struct btrfs_root *root)
struct btrfs_key key;
struct btrfs_key found_key;
struct extent_buffer *leaf;
+ int need_clear = 0;
+ u64 cache_gen;
root = info->extent_root;
key.objectid = 0;
@@ -7906,6 +8080,11 @@ int btrfs_read_block_groups(struct btrfs_root *root)
if (!path)
return -ENOMEM;
+ cache_gen = btrfs_super_cache_generation(&root->fs_info->super_copy);
+ if (cache_gen != 0 &&
+ btrfs_super_generation(&root->fs_info->super_copy) != cache_gen)
+ need_clear = 1;
+
while (1) {
ret = find_first_block_group(root, path, &key);
if (ret > 0)
@@ -7928,6 +8107,9 @@ int btrfs_read_block_groups(struct btrfs_root *root)
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cache->list);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cache->cluster_list);
+ if (need_clear)
+ cache->disk_cache_state = BTRFS_DC_CLEAR;
+
/*
* we only want to have 32k of ram per block group for keeping
* track of free space, and if we pass 1/2 of that we want to
@@ -8032,6 +8214,7 @@ int btrfs_make_block_group(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
cache->key.offset = size;
cache->key.type = BTRFS_BLOCK_GROUP_ITEM_KEY;
cache->sectorsize = root->sectorsize;
+ cache->fs_info = root->fs_info;
/*
* we only want to have 32k of ram per block group for keeping track
@@ -8088,7 +8271,9 @@ int btrfs_remove_block_group(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
struct btrfs_path *path;
struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group;
struct btrfs_free_cluster *cluster;
+ struct btrfs_root *tree_root = root->fs_info->tree_root;
struct btrfs_key key;
+ struct inode *inode;
int ret;
root = root->fs_info->extent_root;
@@ -8097,8 +8282,6 @@ int btrfs_remove_block_group(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
BUG_ON(!block_group);
BUG_ON(!block_group->ro);
- memcpy(&key, &block_group->key, sizeof(key));
-
/* make sure this block group isn't part of an allocation cluster */
cluster = &root->fs_info->data_alloc_cluster;
spin_lock(&cluster->refill_lock);
@@ -8117,6 +8300,40 @@ int btrfs_remove_block_group(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
path = btrfs_alloc_path();
BUG_ON(!path);
+ inode = lookup_free_space_inode(root, block_group, path);
+ if (!IS_ERR(inode)) {
+ btrfs_orphan_add(trans, inode);
+ clear_nlink(inode);
+ /* One for the block groups ref */
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ if (block_group->iref) {
+ block_group->iref = 0;
+ block_group->inode = NULL;
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ iput(inode);
+ } else {
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ }
+ /* One for our lookup ref */
+ iput(inode);
+ }
+
+ key.objectid = BTRFS_FREE_SPACE_OBJECTID;
+ key.offset = block_group->key.objectid;
+ key.type = 0;
+
+ ret = btrfs_search_slot(trans, tree_root, &key, path, -1, 1);
+ if (ret < 0)
+ goto out;
+ if (ret > 0)
+ btrfs_release_path(tree_root, path);
+ if (ret == 0) {
+ ret = btrfs_del_item(trans, tree_root, path);
+ if (ret)
+ goto out;
+ btrfs_release_path(tree_root, path);
+ }
+
spin_lock(&root->fs_info->block_group_cache_lock);
rb_erase(&block_group->cache_node,
&root->fs_info->block_group_cache_tree);
@@ -8140,6 +8357,8 @@ int btrfs_remove_block_group(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
block_group->space_info->bytes_readonly -= block_group->key.offset;
spin_unlock(&block_group->space_info->lock);
+ memcpy(&key, &block_group->key, sizeof(key));
+
btrfs_clear_space_info_full(root->fs_info);
btrfs_put_block_group(block_group);
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.c b/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.c
index f488fac04d99..05efcc7061a7 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.c
+++ b/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.c
@@ -23,10 +23,165 @@
#include "ctree.h"
#include "free-space-cache.h"
#include "transaction.h"
+#include "disk-io.h"
#define BITS_PER_BITMAP (PAGE_CACHE_SIZE * 8)
#define MAX_CACHE_BYTES_PER_GIG (32 * 1024)
+struct inode *lookup_free_space_inode(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ struct btrfs_block_group_cache
+ *block_group, struct btrfs_path *path)
+{
+ struct btrfs_key key;
+ struct btrfs_key location;
+ struct btrfs_disk_key disk_key;
+ struct btrfs_free_space_header *header;
+ struct extent_buffer *leaf;
+ struct inode *inode = NULL;
+ int ret;
+
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ if (block_group->inode)
+ inode = igrab(block_group->inode);
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ if (inode)
+ return inode;
+
+ key.objectid = BTRFS_FREE_SPACE_OBJECTID;
+ key.offset = block_group->key.objectid;
+ key.type = 0;
+
+ ret = btrfs_search_slot(NULL, root, &key, path, 0, 0);
+ if (ret < 0)
+ return ERR_PTR(ret);
+ if (ret > 0) {
+ btrfs_release_path(root, path);
+ return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+ }
+
+ leaf = path->nodes[0];
+ header = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
+ struct btrfs_free_space_header);
+ btrfs_free_space_key(leaf, header, &disk_key);
+ btrfs_disk_key_to_cpu(&location, &disk_key);
+ btrfs_release_path(root, path);
+
+ inode = btrfs_iget(root->fs_info->sb, &location, root, NULL);
+ if (!inode)
+ return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+ if (IS_ERR(inode))
+ return inode;
+ if (is_bad_inode(inode)) {
+ iput(inode);
+ return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
+ }
+
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ if (!root->fs_info->closing) {
+ block_group->inode = igrab(inode);
+ block_group->iref = 1;
+ }
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+
+ return inode;
+}
+
+int create_free_space_inode(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
+ struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group,
+ struct btrfs_path *path)
+{
+ struct btrfs_key key;
+ struct btrfs_disk_key disk_key;
+ struct btrfs_free_space_header *header;
+ struct btrfs_inode_item *inode_item;
+ struct extent_buffer *leaf;
+ u64 objectid;
+ int ret;
+
+ ret = btrfs_find_free_objectid(trans, root, 0, &objectid);
+ if (ret < 0)
+ return ret;
+
+ ret = btrfs_insert_empty_inode(trans, root, path, objectid);
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+
+ leaf = path->nodes[0];
+ inode_item = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
+ struct btrfs_inode_item);
+ btrfs_item_key(leaf, &disk_key, path->slots[0]);
+ memset_extent_buffer(leaf, 0, (unsigned long)inode_item,
+ sizeof(*inode_item));
+ btrfs_set_inode_generation(leaf, inode_item, trans->transid);
+ btrfs_set_inode_size(leaf, inode_item, 0);
+ btrfs_set_inode_nbytes(leaf, inode_item, 0);
+ btrfs_set_inode_uid(leaf, inode_item, 0);
+ btrfs_set_inode_gid(leaf, inode_item, 0);
+ btrfs_set_inode_mode(leaf, inode_item, S_IFREG | 0600);
+ btrfs_set_inode_flags(leaf, inode_item, BTRFS_INODE_NOCOMPRESS |
+ BTRFS_INODE_PREALLOC | BTRFS_INODE_NODATASUM);
+ btrfs_set_inode_nlink(leaf, inode_item, 1);
+ btrfs_set_inode_transid(leaf, inode_item, trans->transid);
+ btrfs_set_inode_block_group(leaf, inode_item,
+ block_group->key.objectid);
+ btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
+ btrfs_release_path(root, path);
+
+ key.objectid = BTRFS_FREE_SPACE_OBJECTID;
+ key.offset = block_group->key.objectid;
+ key.type = 0;
+
+ ret = btrfs_insert_empty_item(trans, root, path, &key,
+ sizeof(struct btrfs_free_space_header));
+ if (ret < 0) {
+ btrfs_release_path(root, path);
+ return ret;
+ }
+ leaf = path->nodes[0];
+ header = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
+ struct btrfs_free_space_header);
+ memset_extent_buffer(leaf, 0, (unsigned long)header, sizeof(*header));
+ btrfs_set_free_space_key(leaf, header, &disk_key);
+ btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
+ btrfs_release_path(root, path);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int btrfs_truncate_free_space_cache(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
+ struct btrfs_path *path,
+ struct inode *inode)
+{
+ loff_t oldsize;
+ int ret = 0;
+
+ trans->block_rsv = root->orphan_block_rsv;
+ ret = btrfs_block_rsv_check(trans, root,
+ root->orphan_block_rsv,
+ 0, 5);
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+
+ oldsize = i_size_read(inode);
+ btrfs_i_size_write(inode, 0);
+ truncate_pagecache(inode, oldsize, 0);
+
+ /*
+ * We don't need an orphan item because truncating the free space cache
+ * will never be split across transactions.
+ */
+ ret = btrfs_truncate_inode_items(trans, root, inode,
+ 0, BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY);
+ if (ret) {
+ WARN_ON(1);
+ return ret;
+ }
+
+ return btrfs_update_inode(trans, root, inode);
+}
+
static inline unsigned long offset_to_bit(u64 bitmap_start, u64 sectorsize,
u64 offset)
{
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.h b/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.h
index 890a8e79011b..45be29e5f01e 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.h
+++ b/fs/btrfs/free-space-cache.h
@@ -27,6 +27,17 @@ struct btrfs_free_space {
struct list_head list;
};
+struct inode *lookup_free_space_inode(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ struct btrfs_block_group_cache
+ *block_group, struct btrfs_path *path);
+int create_free_space_inode(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
+ struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group,
+ struct btrfs_path *path);
+int btrfs_truncate_free_space_cache(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
+ struct btrfs_path *path,
+ struct inode *inode);
int btrfs_add_free_space(struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group,
u64 bytenr, u64 size);
int btrfs_remove_free_space(struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group,
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/inode.c b/fs/btrfs/inode.c
index c03864406af3..1af1ea88e8a8 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/inode.c
+++ b/fs/btrfs/inode.c
@@ -1700,6 +1700,7 @@ static int btrfs_finish_ordered_io(struct inode *inode, u64 start, u64 end)
ordered_extent->len);
BUG_ON(ret);
} else {
+ BUG_ON(root == root->fs_info->tree_root);
ret = insert_reserved_file_extent(trans, inode,
ordered_extent->file_offset,
ordered_extent->start,
@@ -3196,7 +3197,7 @@ int btrfs_truncate_inode_items(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
BUG_ON(new_size > 0 && min_type != BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY);
- if (root->ref_cows)
+ if (root->ref_cows || root == root->fs_info->tree_root)
btrfs_drop_extent_cache(inode, new_size & (~mask), (u64)-1, 0);
path = btrfs_alloc_path();
@@ -3344,7 +3345,8 @@ delete:
} else {
break;
}
- if (found_extent && root->ref_cows) {
+ if (found_extent && (root->ref_cows ||
+ root == root->fs_info->tree_root)) {
btrfs_set_path_blocking(path);
ret = btrfs_free_extent(trans, root, extent_start,
extent_num_bytes, 0,
@@ -3675,7 +3677,8 @@ void btrfs_evict_inode(struct inode *inode)
int ret;
truncate_inode_pages(&inode->i_data, 0);
- if (inode->i_nlink && btrfs_root_refs(&root->root_item) != 0)
+ if (inode->i_nlink && (btrfs_root_refs(&root->root_item) != 0 ||
+ root == root->fs_info->tree_root))
goto no_delete;
if (is_bad_inode(inode)) {
@@ -3888,7 +3891,14 @@ static void inode_tree_del(struct inode *inode)
}
spin_unlock(&root->inode_lock);
- if (empty && btrfs_root_refs(&root->root_item) == 0) {
+ /*
+ * Free space cache has inodes in the tree root, but the tree root has a
+ * root_refs of 0, so this could end up dropping the tree root as a
+ * snapshot, so we need the extra !root->fs_info->tree_root check to
+ * make sure we don't drop it.
+ */
+ if (empty && btrfs_root_refs(&root->root_item) == 0 &&
+ root != root->fs_info->tree_root) {
synchronize_srcu(&root->fs_info->subvol_srcu);
spin_lock(&root->inode_lock);
empty = RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&root->inode_tree);
@@ -4282,14 +4292,24 @@ int btrfs_write_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans;
int ret = 0;
+ bool nolock = false;
if (BTRFS_I(inode)->dummy_inode)
return 0;
+ smp_mb();
+ nolock = (root->fs_info->closing && root == root->fs_info->tree_root);
+
if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL) {
- trans = btrfs_join_transaction(root, 1);
+ if (nolock)
+ trans = btrfs_join_transaction_nolock(root, 1);
+ else
+ trans = btrfs_join_transaction(root, 1);
btrfs_set_trans_block_group(trans, inode);
- ret = btrfs_commit_transaction(trans, root);
+ if (nolock)
+ ret = btrfs_end_transaction_nolock(trans, root);
+ else
+ ret = btrfs_commit_transaction(trans, root);
}
return ret;
}
@@ -6308,6 +6328,21 @@ void btrfs_destroy_inode(struct inode *inode)
spin_unlock(&root->fs_info->ordered_extent_lock);
}
+ if (root == root->fs_info->tree_root) {
+ struct btrfs_block_group_cache *block_group;
+
+ block_group = btrfs_lookup_block_group(root->fs_info,
+ BTRFS_I(inode)->block_group);
+ if (block_group && block_group->inode == inode) {
+ spin_lock(&block_group->lock);
+ block_group->inode = NULL;
+ spin_unlock(&block_group->lock);
+ btrfs_put_block_group(block_group);
+ } else if (block_group) {
+ btrfs_put_block_group(block_group);
+ }
+ }
+
spin_lock(&root->orphan_lock);
if (!list_empty(&BTRFS_I(inode)->i_orphan)) {
printk(KERN_INFO "BTRFS: inode %lu still on the orphan list\n",
@@ -6340,7 +6375,8 @@ int btrfs_drop_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
- if (btrfs_root_refs(&root->root_item) == 0)
+ if (btrfs_root_refs(&root->root_item) == 0 &&
+ root != root->fs_info->tree_root)
return 1;
else
return generic_drop_inode(inode);
@@ -6757,27 +6793,33 @@ out_unlock:
return err;
}
-int btrfs_prealloc_file_range(struct inode *inode, int mode,
- u64 start, u64 num_bytes, u64 min_size,
- loff_t actual_len, u64 *alloc_hint)
+static int __btrfs_prealloc_file_range(struct inode *inode, int mode,
+ u64 start, u64 num_bytes, u64 min_size,
+ loff_t actual_len, u64 *alloc_hint,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans)
{
- struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans;
struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
struct btrfs_key ins;
u64 cur_offset = start;
int ret = 0;
+ bool own_trans = true;
+ if (trans)
+ own_trans = false;
while (num_bytes > 0) {
- trans = btrfs_start_transaction(root, 3);
- if (IS_ERR(trans)) {
- ret = PTR_ERR(trans);
- break;
+ if (own_trans) {
+ trans = btrfs_start_transaction(root, 3);
+ if (IS_ERR(trans)) {
+ ret = PTR_ERR(trans);
+ break;
+ }
}
ret = btrfs_reserve_extent(trans, root, num_bytes, min_size,
0, *alloc_hint, (u64)-1, &ins, 1);
if (ret) {
- btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root);
+ if (own_trans)
+ btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root);
break;
}
@@ -6810,11 +6852,30 @@ int btrfs_prealloc_file_range(struct inode *inode, int mode,
ret = btrfs_update_inode(trans, root, inode);
BUG_ON(ret);
- btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root);
+ if (own_trans)
+ btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root);
}
return ret;
}
+int btrfs_prealloc_file_range(struct inode *inode, int mode,
+ u64 start, u64 num_bytes, u64 min_size,
+ loff_t actual_len, u64 *alloc_hint)
+{
+ return __btrfs_prealloc_file_range(inode, mode, start, num_bytes,
+ min_size, actual_len, alloc_hint,
+ NULL);
+}
+
+int btrfs_prealloc_file_range_trans(struct inode *inode,
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans, int mode,
+ u64 start, u64 num_bytes, u64 min_size,
+ loff_t actual_len, u64 *alloc_hint)
+{
+ return __btrfs_prealloc_file_range(inode, mode, start, num_bytes,
+ min_size, actual_len, alloc_hint, trans);
+}
+
static long btrfs_fallocate(struct inode *inode, int mode,
loff_t offset, loff_t len)
{
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/relocation.c b/fs/btrfs/relocation.c
index b37d723b9d4a..af339eee55b8 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/relocation.c
+++ b/fs/btrfs/relocation.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
#include "locking.h"
#include "btrfs_inode.h"
#include "async-thread.h"
+#include "free-space-cache.h"
/*
* backref_node, mapping_node and tree_block start with this
@@ -3191,6 +3192,54 @@ static int block_use_full_backref(struct reloc_control *rc,
return ret;
}
+static int delete_block_group_cache(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info,
+ struct inode *inode, u64 ino)
+{
+ struct btrfs_key key;
+ struct btrfs_path *path;
+ struct btrfs_root *root = fs_info->tree_root;
+ struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans;
+ unsigned long nr;
+ int ret = 0;
+
+ if (inode)
+ goto truncate;
+
+ key.objectid = ino;
+ key.type = BTRFS_INODE_ITEM_KEY;
+ key.offset = 0;
+
+ inode = btrfs_iget(fs_info->sb, &key, root, NULL);
+ if (!inode || IS_ERR(inode) || is_bad_inode(inode)) {
+ if (inode && !IS_ERR(inode))
+ iput(inode);
+ return -ENOENT;
+ }
+
+truncate:
+ path = btrfs_alloc_path();
+ if (!path) {
+ ret = -ENOMEM;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ trans = btrfs_join_transaction(root, 0);
+ if (IS_ERR(trans)) {
+ btrfs_free_path(path);
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ ret = btrfs_truncate_free_space_cache(root, trans, path, inode);
+
+ btrfs_free_path(path);
+ nr = trans->blocks_used;
+ btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root);
+ btrfs_btree_balance_dirty(root, nr);
+out:
+ iput(inode);
+ return ret;
+}
+
/*
* helper to add tree blocks for backref of type BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_REF_KEY
* this function scans fs tree to find blocks reference the data extent
@@ -3217,15 +3266,27 @@ static int find_data_references(struct reloc_control *rc,
int counted;
int ret;
- path = btrfs_alloc_path();
- if (!path)
- return -ENOMEM;
-
ref_root = btrfs_extent_data_ref_root(leaf, ref);
ref_objectid = btrfs_extent_data_ref_objectid(leaf, ref);
ref_offset = btrfs_extent_data_ref_offset(leaf, ref);
ref_count = btrfs_extent_data_ref_count(leaf, ref);
+ /*
+ * This is an extent belonging to the free space cache, lets just delete
+ * it and redo the search.
+ */
+ if (ref_root == BTRFS_ROOT_TREE_OBJECTID) {
+ ret = delete_block_group_cache(rc->extent_root->fs_info,
+ NULL, ref_objectid);
+ if (ret != -ENOENT)
+ return ret;
+ ret = 0;
+ }
+
+ path = btrfs_alloc_path();
+ if (!path)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
root = read_fs_root(rc->extent_root->fs_info, ref_root);
if (IS_ERR(root)) {
err = PTR_ERR(root);
@@ -3860,6 +3921,8 @@ int btrfs_relocate_block_group(struct btrfs_root *extent_root, u64 group_start)
{
struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = extent_root->fs_info;
struct reloc_control *rc;
+ struct inode *inode;
+ struct btrfs_path *path;
int ret;
int rw = 0;
int err = 0;
@@ -3882,6 +3945,26 @@ int btrfs_relocate_block_group(struct btrfs_root *extent_root, u64 group_start)
rw = 1;
}
+ path = btrfs_alloc_path();
+ if (!path) {
+ err = -ENOMEM;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
+ inode = lookup_free_space_inode(fs_info->tree_root, rc->block_group,
+ path);
+ btrfs_free_path(path);
+
+ if (!IS_ERR(inode))
+ ret = delete_block_group_cache(fs_info, inode, 0);
+ else
+ ret = PTR_ERR(inode);
+
+ if (ret && ret != -ENOENT) {
+ err = ret;
+ goto out;
+ }
+
rc->data_inode = create_reloc_inode(fs_info, rc->block_group);
if (IS_ERR(rc->data_inode)) {
err = PTR_ERR(rc->data_inode);
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/super.c b/fs/btrfs/super.c
index 1776dbd8dc98..5c23eb8d6ba3 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/super.c
+++ b/fs/btrfs/super.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ enum {
Opt_nodatacow, Opt_max_inline, Opt_alloc_start, Opt_nobarrier, Opt_ssd,
Opt_nossd, Opt_ssd_spread, Opt_thread_pool, Opt_noacl, Opt_compress,
Opt_compress_force, Opt_notreelog, Opt_ratio, Opt_flushoncommit,
- Opt_discard, Opt_err,
+ Opt_discard, Opt_space_cache, Opt_err,
};
static match_table_t tokens = {
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ static match_table_t tokens = {
{Opt_flushoncommit, "flushoncommit"},
{Opt_ratio, "metadata_ratio=%d"},
{Opt_discard, "discard"},
+ {Opt_space_cache, "space_cache"},
{Opt_err, NULL},
};
@@ -235,6 +236,10 @@ int btrfs_parse_options(struct btrfs_root *root, char *options)
case Opt_discard:
btrfs_set_opt(info->mount_opt, DISCARD);
break;
+ case Opt_space_cache:
+ printk(KERN_INFO "btrfs: enabling disk space caching\n");
+ btrfs_set_opt(info->mount_opt, SPACE_CACHE);
+ break;
case Opt_err:
printk(KERN_INFO "btrfs: unrecognized mount option "
"'%s'\n", p);
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/transaction.c b/fs/btrfs/transaction.c
index 66e4c66cc63b..e7144c48ed79 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/transaction.c
+++ b/fs/btrfs/transaction.c
@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ enum btrfs_trans_type {
TRANS_START,
TRANS_JOIN,
TRANS_USERSPACE,
+ TRANS_JOIN_NOLOCK,
};
static int may_wait_transaction(struct btrfs_root *root, int type)
@@ -186,7 +187,8 @@ again:
if (!h)
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
- mutex_lock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
+ if (type != TRANS_JOIN_NOLOCK)
+ mutex_lock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
if (may_wait_transaction(root, type))
wait_current_trans(root);
@@ -195,7 +197,8 @@ again:
cur_trans = root->fs_info->running_transaction;
cur_trans->use_count++;
- mutex_unlock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
+ if (type != TRANS_JOIN_NOLOCK)
+ mutex_unlock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
h->transid = cur_trans->transid;
h->transaction = cur_trans;
@@ -224,9 +227,11 @@ again:
}
}
- mutex_lock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
+ if (type != TRANS_JOIN_NOLOCK)
+ mutex_lock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
record_root_in_trans(h, root);
- mutex_unlock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
+ if (type != TRANS_JOIN_NOLOCK)
+ mutex_unlock(&root->fs_info->trans_mutex);
if (!current->journal_info && type != TRANS_USERSPACE)
current->journal_info = h;
@@ -244,6 +249,12 @@ struct btrfs_trans_handle *btrfs_join_transaction(struct btrfs_root *root,
return start_transaction(root, 0, TRANS_JOIN);
}
+struct btrfs_trans_handle *btrfs_join_transaction_nolock(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ int num_blocks)
+{
+ return start_transaction(root, 0, TRANS_JOIN_NOLOCK);
+}
+
struct btrfs_trans_handle *btrfs_start_ioctl_transaction(struct btrfs_root *r,
int num_blocks)
{
@@ -348,7 +359,7 @@ int btrfs_should_end_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
}
static int __btrfs_end_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
- struct btrfs_root *root, int throttle)
+ struct btrfs_root *root, int throttle, int lock)
{
struct btrfs_transaction *cur_trans = trans->transaction;
struct btrfs_fs_info *info = root->fs_info;
@@ -376,18 +387,19 @@ static int __btrfs_end_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
btrfs_trans_release_metadata(trans, root);
- if (!root->fs_info->open_ioctl_trans &&
+ if (lock && !root->fs_info->open_ioctl_trans &&
should_end_transaction(trans, root))
trans->transaction->blocked = 1;
- if (cur_trans->blocked && !cur_trans->in_commit) {
+ if (lock && cur_trans->blocked && !cur_trans->in_commit) {
if (throttle)
return btrfs_commit_transaction(trans, root);
else
wake_up_process(info->transaction_kthread);
}
- mutex_lock(&info->trans_mutex);
+ if (lock)
+ mutex_lock(&info->trans_mutex);
WARN_ON(cur_trans != info->running_transaction);
WARN_ON(cur_trans->num_writers < 1);
cur_trans->num_writers--;
@@ -395,7 +407,8 @@ static int __btrfs_end_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
if (waitqueue_active(&cur_trans->writer_wait))
wake_up(&cur_trans->writer_wait);
put_transaction(cur_trans);
- mutex_unlock(&info->trans_mutex);
+ if (lock)
+ mutex_unlock(&info->trans_mutex);
if (current->journal_info == trans)
current->journal_info = NULL;
@@ -411,13 +424,19 @@ static int __btrfs_end_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
int btrfs_end_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
struct btrfs_root *root)
{
- return __btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root, 0);
+ return __btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root, 0, 1);
}
int btrfs_end_transaction_throttle(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
struct btrfs_root *root)
{
- return __btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root, 1);
+ return __btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root, 1, 1);
+}
+
+int btrfs_end_transaction_nolock(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
+ struct btrfs_root *root)
+{
+ return __btrfs_end_transaction(trans, root, 0, 0);
}
/*
@@ -966,6 +985,8 @@ static void update_super_roots(struct btrfs_root *root)
super->root = root_item->bytenr;
super->generation = root_item->generation;
super->root_level = root_item->level;
+ if (super->cache_generation != 0 || btrfs_test_opt(root, SPACE_CACHE))
+ super->cache_generation = root_item->generation;
}
int btrfs_transaction_in_commit(struct btrfs_fs_info *info)
diff --git a/fs/btrfs/transaction.h b/fs/btrfs/transaction.h
index e104986d0bfd..15f83e1c1ef7 100644
--- a/fs/btrfs/transaction.h
+++ b/fs/btrfs/transaction.h
@@ -87,10 +87,14 @@ static inline void btrfs_set_inode_last_trans(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
int btrfs_end_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
struct btrfs_root *root);
+int btrfs_end_transaction_nolock(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
+ struct btrfs_root *root);
struct btrfs_trans_handle *btrfs_start_transaction(struct btrfs_root *root,
int num_items);
struct btrfs_trans_handle *btrfs_join_transaction(struct btrfs_root *root,
int num_blocks);
+struct btrfs_trans_handle *btrfs_join_transaction_nolock(struct btrfs_root *root,
+ int num_blocks);
struct btrfs_trans_handle *btrfs_start_ioctl_transaction(struct btrfs_root *r,
int num_blocks);
int btrfs_write_and_wait_transaction(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,