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authorMarco Morandini <marco.morandini@polimi.it>2023-07-17 18:40:52 +0200
committerJiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>2023-08-07 13:24:36 +0200
commit2326dee41c01c8d31574a62045fb1c5f242885f0 (patch)
tree273ae45684b8138bab041f293e724d58e67fea34 /Documentation/hid
parent1d7546042f8fdc4bc39ab91ec966203e2d64f8bd (diff)
downloadlwn-2326dee41c01c8d31574a62045fb1c5f242885f0.tar.gz
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HID: Add introduction about HID for non-kernel programmers
Add an introduction about HID meant for the casual programmer that is trying either to fix his device or to understand what is going wrong. Signed-off-by: Marco Morandini <marco.morandini@polimi.it> Co-authored-by: Peter Hutterer <peter.hutterer@who-t.net> Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
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-rw-r--r--Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst49
-rw-r--r--Documentation/hid/index.rst1
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+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+======================================
+Introduction to HID report descriptors
+======================================
+
+This chapter is meant to give a broad overview of what HID report
+descriptors are, and of how a casual (non-kernel) programmer can deal
+with HID devices that are not working well with Linux.
+
+.. contents::
+ :local:
+ :depth: 2
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+
+ hidreport-parsing
+
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+HID stands for Human Interface Device, and can be whatever device you
+are using to interact with a computer, be it a mouse, a touchpad, a
+tablet, a microphone.
+
+Many HID devices work out the box, even if their hardware is different.
+For example, mice can have any number of buttons; they may have a
+wheel; movement sensitivity differs between different models, and so
+on. Nonetheless, most of the time everything just works, without the
+need to have specialized code in the kernel for every mouse model
+developed since 1970.
+
+This is because modern HID devices do advertise their capabilities
+through the *HID report descriptor*, a fixed set of bytes describing
+exactly what *HID reports* may be sent between the device and the host
+and the meaning of each individual bit in those reports. For example,
+a HID Report Descriptor may specify that "in a report with ID 3 the
+bits from 8 to 15 is the delta x coordinate of a mouse".
+
+The HID report itself then merely carries the actual data values
+without any extra meta information. Note that HID reports may be sent
+from the device ("Input Reports", i.e. input events), to the device
+("Output Reports" to e.g. change LEDs) or used for device configuration
+("Feature reports"). A device may support one or more HID reports.
+
+The HID subsystem is in charge of parsing the HID report descriptors,
+and converts HID events into normal input device interfaces (see
+Documentation/hid/hid-transport.rst). Devices may misbehave because the
+HID report descriptor provided by the device is wrong, or because it
+needs to be dealt with in a special way, or because some special
+device or interaction mode is not handled by the default code.
+
+The format of HID report descriptors is described by two documents,
+available from the `USB Implementers Forum <https://www.usb.org/>`_
+`HID web page <https://www.usb.org/hid>`_ address:
+
+ * the `HID USB Device Class Definition
+ <https://www.usb.org/document-library/device-class-definition-hid-111>`_ (HID Spec from now on)
+ * the `HID Usage Tables <https://usb.org/document-library/hid-usage-tables-14>`_ (HUT from now on)
+
+The HID subsystem can deal with different transport drivers
+(USB, I2C, Bluetooth, etc.). See Documentation/hid/hid-transport.rst.
+
+Parsing HID report descriptors
+==============================
+
+The current list of HID devices can be found at ``/sys/bus/hid/devices/``.
+For each device, say ``/sys/bus/hid/devices/0003\:093A\:2510.0002/``,
+one can read the corresponding report descriptor::
+
+ $ hexdump -C /sys/bus/hid/devices/0003\:093A\:2510.0002/report_descriptor
+ 00000000 05 01 09 02 a1 01 09 01 a1 00 05 09 19 01 29 03 |..............).|
+ 00000010 15 00 25 01 75 01 95 03 81 02 75 05 95 01 81 01 |..%.u.....u.....|
+ 00000020 05 01 09 30 09 31 09 38 15 81 25 7f 75 08 95 03 |...0.1.8..%.u...|
+ 00000030 81 06 c0 c0 |....|
+ 00000034
+
+Optional: the HID report descriptor can be read also by
+directly accessing the hidraw driver [#hidraw]_.
+
+The basic structure of HID report descriptors is defined in the HID
+spec, while HUT "defines constants that can be interpreted by an
+application to identify the purpose and meaning of a data field in a
+HID report". Each entry is defined by at least two bytes, where the
+first one defines what type of value is following and is described in
+the HID spec, while the second one carries the actual value and is
+described in the HUT.
+
+HID report descriptors can, in principle, be painstakingly parsed by
+hand, byte by byte.
+
+A short introduction on how to do this is sketched in
+Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst; you only need to understand it
+if you need to patch HID report descriptors.
+
+In practice you should not parse HID report descriptors by hand; rather,
+you should use an existing parser. Among all the available ones
+
+ * the online `USB Descriptor and Request Parser
+ <http://eleccelerator.com/usbdescreqparser/>`_;
+ * `hidrdd <https://github.com/abend0c1/hidrdd>`_,
+ that provides very detailed and somewhat verbose descriptions
+ (verbosity can be useful if you are not familiar with HID report
+ descriptors);
+ * `hid-tools <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/libevdev/hid-tools>`_,
+ a complete utility set that allows, among other things,
+ to record and replay the raw HID reports and to debug
+ and replay HID devices.
+ It is being actively developed by the Linux HID subsystem maintainers.
+
+Parsing the mouse HID report descriptor with `hid-tools
+<https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/libevdev/hid-tools>`_ leads to
+(explanations interposed)::
+
+ $ ./hid-decode /sys/bus/hid/devices/0003\:093A\:2510.0002/report_descriptor
+ # device 0:0
+ # 0x05, 0x01, // Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 0
+ # 0x09, 0x02, // Usage (Mouse) 2
+ # 0xa1, 0x01, // Collection (Application) 4
+ # 0x09, 0x01, // Usage (Pointer) 6
+ # 0xa1, 0x00, // Collection (Physical) 8
+ # 0x05, 0x09, // Usage Page (Button) 10
+
+what follows is a button ::
+
+ # 0x19, 0x01, // Usage Minimum (1) 12
+ # 0x29, 0x03, // Usage Maximum (3) 14
+
+first button is button number 1, last button is button number 3 ::
+
+ # 0x15, 0x00, // Logical Minimum (0) 16
+ # 0x25, 0x01, // Logical Maximum (1) 18
+
+each button can send values from 0 up to including 1
+(i.e. they are binary buttons) ::
+
+ # 0x75, 0x01, // Report Size (1) 20
+
+each button is sent as exactly one bit ::
+
+ # 0x95, 0x03, // Report Count (3) 22
+
+and there are three of those bits (matching the three buttons) ::
+
+ # 0x81, 0x02, // Input (Data,Var,Abs) 24
+
+it's actual Data (not constant padding), they represent
+a single variable (Var) and their values are Absolute (not relative);
+See HID spec Sec. 6.2.2.5 "Input, Output, and Feature Items" ::
+
+ # 0x75, 0x05, // Report Size (5) 26
+
+five additional padding bits, needed to reach a byte ::
+
+ # 0x95, 0x01, // Report Count (1) 28
+
+those five bits are repeated only once ::
+
+ # 0x81, 0x01, // Input (Cnst,Arr,Abs) 30
+
+and take Constant (Cnst) values i.e. they can be ignored. ::
+
+ # 0x05, 0x01, // Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 32
+ # 0x09, 0x30, // Usage (X) 34
+ # 0x09, 0x31, // Usage (Y) 36
+ # 0x09, 0x38, // Usage (Wheel) 38
+
+The mouse has also two physical positions (Usage (X), Usage (Y))
+and a wheel (Usage (Wheel)) ::
+
+ # 0x15, 0x81, // Logical Minimum (-127) 40
+ # 0x25, 0x7f, // Logical Maximum (127) 42
+
+each of them can send values ranging from -127 up to including 127 ::
+
+ # 0x75, 0x08, // Report Size (8) 44
+
+which is represented by eight bits ::
+
+ # 0x95, 0x03, // Report Count (3) 46
+
+and there are three of those eight bits, matching X, Y and Wheel. ::
+
+ # 0x81, 0x06, // Input (Data,Var,Rel) 48
+
+This time the data values are Relative (Rel), i.e. they represent
+the change from the previously sent report (event) ::
+
+ # 0xc0, // End Collection 50
+ # 0xc0, // End Collection 51
+ #
+ R: 52 05 01 09 02 a1 01 09 01 a1 00 05 09 19 01 29 03 15 00 25 01 75 01 95 03 81 02 75 05 95 01 81 01 05 01 09 30 09 31 09 38 15 81 25 7f 75 08 95 03 81 06 c0 c0
+ N: device 0:0
+ I: 3 0001 0001
+
+
+This Report Descriptor tells us that the mouse input will be
+transmitted using four bytes: the first one for the buttons (three
+bits used, five for padding), the last three for the mouse X, Y and
+wheel changes, respectively.
+
+Indeed, for any event, the mouse will send a *report* of four bytes.
+We can check the values sent by resorting e.g. to the `hid-recorder`
+tool, from `hid-tools <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/libevdev/hid-tools>`_:
+The sequence of bytes sent by clicking and releasing button 1, then button 2, then button 3 is::
+
+ $ sudo ./hid-recorder /dev/hidraw1
+
+ ....
+ output of hid-decode
+ ....
+
+ # Button: 1 0 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000000.000000 4 01 00 00 00
+ # Button: 0 0 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000000.183949 4 00 00 00 00
+ # Button: 0 1 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000001.959698 4 02 00 00 00
+ # Button: 0 0 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000002.103899 4 00 00 00 00
+ # Button: 0 0 1 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000004.855799 4 04 00 00 00
+ # Button: 0 0 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000005.103864 4 00 00 00 00
+
+This example shows that when button 2 is clicked,
+the bytes ``02 00 00 00`` are sent, and the immediately subsequent
+event (``00 00 00 00``) is the release of button 2 (no buttons are
+pressed, remember that the data values are *absolute*).
+
+If instead one clicks and holds button 1, then clicks and holds button
+2, releases button 1, and finally releases button 2, the reports are::
+
+ # Button: 1 0 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000044.175830 4 01 00 00 00
+ # Button: 1 1 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000045.975997 4 03 00 00 00
+ # Button: 0 1 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000047.407930 4 02 00 00 00
+ # Button: 0 0 0 | # | X: 0 | Y: 0 | Wheel: 0
+ E: 000049.199919 4 00 00 00 00
+
+where with ``03 00 00 00`` both buttons are pressed, and with the
+subsequent ``02 00 00 00`` button 1 is released while button 2 is still
+active.
+
+Output, Input and Feature Reports
+---------------------------------
+
+HID devices can have Input Reports, like in the mouse example, Output
+Reports, and Feature Reports. "Output" means that the information is
+sent to the device. For example, a joystick with force feedback will
+have some output; the led of a keyboard would need an output as well.
+"Input" means that data come from the device.
+
+"Feature"s are not meant to be consumed by the end user and define
+configuration options for the device. They can be queried from the host;
+when declared as *Volatile* they should be changed by the host.
+
+
+Collections, Report IDs and Evdev events
+========================================
+
+A single device can logically group data into different independent
+sets, called a *Collection*. Collections can be nested and there are
+different types of collections (see the HID spec 6.2.2.6
+"Collection, End Collection Items" for details).
+
+Different reports are identified by means of different *Report ID*
+fields, i.e. a number identifying the structure of the immediately
+following report.
+Whenever a Report ID is needed it is transmitted as the first byte of
+any report. A device with only one supported HID report (like the mouse
+example above) may omit the report ID.
+
+Consider the following HID report descriptor::
+
+ 05 01 09 02 A1 01 85 01 05 09 19 01 29 05 15 00
+ 25 01 95 05 75 01 81 02 95 01 75 03 81 01 05 01
+ 09 30 09 31 16 00 F8 26 FF 07 75 0C 95 02 81 06
+ 09 38 15 80 25 7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 05 0C 0A 38
+ 02 15 80 25 7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 C0 05 01 09 02
+ A1 01 85 02 05 09 19 01 29 05 15 00 25 01 95 05
+ 75 01 81 02 95 01 75 03 81 01 05 01 09 30 09 31
+ 16 00 F8 26 FF 07 75 0C 95 02 81 06 09 38 15 80
+ 25 7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 05 0C 0A 38 02 15 80 25
+ 7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 C0 05 01 09 07 A1 01 85 05
+ 05 07 15 00 25 01 09 29 09 3E 09 4B 09 4E 09 E3
+ 09 E8 09 E8 09 E8 75 01 95 08 81 02 95 00 81 01
+ C0 05 0C 09 01 A1 01 85 06 15 00 25 01 75 01 95
+ 01 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81
+ 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81
+ 06 C0 05 0C 09 01 A1 01 85 03 09 05 15 00 26 FF
+ 00 75 08 95 02 B1 02 C0
+
+After parsing it (try to parse it on your own using the suggested
+tools!) one can see that the device presents two ``Mouse`` Application
+Collections (with reports identified by Reports IDs 1 and 2,
+respectively), a ``Keypad`` Application Collection (whose report is
+identified by the Report ID 5) and two ``Consumer Controls`` Application
+Collections, (with Report IDs 6 and 3, respectively). Note, however,
+that a device can have different Report IDs for the same Application
+Collection.
+
+The data sent will begin with the Report ID byte, and will be followed
+by the corresponding information. For example, the data transmitted for
+the last consumer control::
+
+ 0x05, 0x0C, // Usage Page (Consumer)
+ 0x09, 0x01, // Usage (Consumer Control)
+ 0xA1, 0x01, // Collection (Application)
+ 0x85, 0x03, // Report ID (3)
+ 0x09, 0x05, // Usage (Headphone)
+ 0x15, 0x00, // Logical Minimum (0)
+ 0x26, 0xFF, 0x00, // Logical Maximum (255)
+ 0x75, 0x08, // Report Size (8)
+ 0x95, 0x02, // Report Count (2)
+ 0xB1, 0x02, // Feature (Data,Var,Abs,No Wrap,Linear,Preferred State,No Null Position,Non-volatile)
+ 0xC0, // End Collection
+
+will be of three bytes: the first for the Report ID (3), the next two
+for the headphone, with two (``Report Count (2)``) bytes
+(``Report Size (8)``), each ranging from 0 (``Logical Minimum (0)``)
+to 255 (``Logical Maximum (255)``).
+
+All the Input data sent by the device should be translated into
+corresponding Evdev events, so that the remaining part of the stack can
+know what is going on, e.g. the bit for the first button translates into
+the ``EV_KEY/BTN_LEFT`` evdev event and relative X movement translates
+into the ``EV_REL/REL_X`` evdev event".
+
+Events
+======
+
+In Linux, one ``/dev/input/event*`` is created for each ``Application
+Collection``. Going back to the mouse example, and repeating the
+sequence where one clicks and holds button 1, then clicks and holds
+button 2, releases button 1, and finally releases button 2, one gets::
+
+ $ sudo libinput record /dev/input/event1
+ # libinput record
+ version: 1
+ ndevices: 1
+ libinput:
+ version: "1.23.0"
+ git: "unknown"
+ system:
+ os: "opensuse-tumbleweed:20230619"
+ kernel: "6.3.7-1-default"
+ dmi: "dmi:bvnHP:bvrU77Ver.01.05.00:bd03/24/2022:br5.0:efr20.29:svnHP:pnHPEliteBook64514inchG9NotebookPC:pvr:rvnHP:rn89D2:rvrKBCVersion14.1D.00:cvnHP:ct10:cvr:sku5Y3J1EA#ABZ:"
+ devices:
+ - node: /dev/input/event1
+ evdev:
+ # Name: PixArt HP USB Optical Mouse
+ # ID: bus 0x3 vendor 0x3f0 product 0x94a version 0x111
+ # Supported Events:
+ # Event type 0 (EV_SYN)
+ # Event type 1 (EV_KEY)
+ # Event code 272 (BTN_LEFT)
+ # Event code 273 (BTN_RIGHT)
+ # Event code 274 (BTN_MIDDLE)
+ # Event type 2 (EV_REL)
+ # Event code 0 (REL_X)
+ # Event code 1 (REL_Y)
+ # Event code 8 (REL_WHEEL)
+ # Event code 11 (REL_WHEEL_HI_RES)
+ # Event type 4 (EV_MSC)
+ # Event code 4 (MSC_SCAN)
+ # Properties:
+ name: "PixArt HP USB Optical Mouse"
+ id: [3, 1008, 2378, 273]
+ codes:
+ 0: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15] # EV_SYN
+ 1: [272, 273, 274] # EV_KEY
+ 2: [0, 1, 8, 11] # EV_REL
+ 4: [4] # EV_MSC
+ properties: []
+ hid: [
+ 0x05, 0x01, 0x09, 0x02, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x09, 0x01, 0xa1, 0x00, 0x05, 0x09, 0x19, 0x01, 0x29, 0x03,
+ 0x15, 0x00, 0x25, 0x01, 0x95, 0x08, 0x75, 0x01, 0x81, 0x02, 0x05, 0x01, 0x09, 0x30, 0x09, 0x31,
+ 0x09, 0x38, 0x15, 0x81, 0x25, 0x7f, 0x75, 0x08, 0x95, 0x03, 0x81, 0x06, 0xc0, 0xc0
+ ]
+ udev:
+ properties:
+ - ID_INPUT=1
+ - ID_INPUT_MOUSE=1
+ - LIBINPUT_DEVICE_GROUP=3/3f0/94a:usb-0000:05:00.3-2
+ quirks:
+ events:
+ # Current time is 12:31:56
+ - evdev:
+ - [ 0, 0, 4, 4, 30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN 30 (obfuscated)
+ - [ 0, 0, 1, 272, 1] # EV_KEY / BTN_LEFT 1
+ - [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +0ms
+ - evdev:
+ - [ 1, 207892, 4, 4, 30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN 30 (obfuscated)
+ - [ 1, 207892, 1, 273, 1] # EV_KEY / BTN_RIGHT 1
+ - [ 1, 207892, 0, 0, 0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +1207ms
+ - evdev:
+ - [ 2, 367823, 4, 4, 30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN 30 (obfuscated)
+ - [ 2, 367823, 1, 272, 0] # EV_KEY / BTN_LEFT 0
+ - [ 2, 367823, 0, 0, 0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +1160ms
+ # Current time is 12:32:00
+ - evdev:
+ - [ 3, 247617, 4, 4, 30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN 30 (obfuscated)
+ - [ 3, 247617, 1, 273, 0] # EV_KEY / BTN_RIGHT 0
+ - [ 3, 247617, 0, 0, 0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +880ms
+
+Note: if ``libinput record`` is not available on your system try using
+``evemu-record``.
+
+When something does not work
+============================
+
+There can be a number of reasons why a device does not behave
+correctly. For example
+
+* The HID report descriptor provided by the HID device may be wrong
+ because e.g.
+
+ * it does not follow the standard, so that the kernel
+ will not able to make sense of the HID report descriptor;
+ * the HID report descriptor *does not match* what is actually
+ sent by the device (this can be verified by reading the raw HID
+ data);
+* the HID report descriptor may need some "quirks" (see later on).
+
+As a consequence, a ``/dev/input/event*`` may not be created
+for each Application Collection, and/or the events
+there may not match what you would expect.
+
+
+Quirks
+------
+
+There are some known peculiarities of HID devices that the kernel
+knows how to fix - these are called the HID quirks and a list of those
+is available in `include/linux/hid.h`.
+
+Should this be the case, it should be enough to add the required quirk
+in the kernel, for the HID device at hand. This can be done in the file
+`drivers/hid/hid-quirks.c`. How to do it should be relatively
+straightforward after looking into the file.
+
+The list of currently defined quirks, from `include/linux/hid.h`, is
+
+.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/hid.h
+ :doc: HID quirks
+
+Quirks for USB devices can be specified while loading the usbhid module,
+see ``modinfo usbhid``, although the proper fix should go into
+hid-quirks.c and **be submitted upstream**.
+See Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst for guidelines on how
+to submit a patch. Quirks for other busses need to go into hid-quirks.c.
+
+Fixing HID report descriptors
+-----------------------------
+
+Should you need to patch HID report descriptors the easiest way is to
+resort to eBPF, as described in Documentation/hid/hid-bpf.rst.
+
+Basically, you can change any byte of the original HID report
+descriptor. The examples in samples/hid should be a good starting point
+for your code, see e.g. `samples/hid/hid_mouse.bpf.c`::
+
+ SEC("fmod_ret/hid_bpf_rdesc_fixup")
+ int BPF_PROG(hid_rdesc_fixup, struct hid_bpf_ctx *hctx)
+ {
+ ....
+ data[39] = 0x31;
+ data[41] = 0x30;
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+Of course this can be also done within the kernel source code, see e.g.
+`drivers/hid/hid-aureal.c` or `drivers/hid/hid-samsung.c` for a slightly
+more complex file.
+
+Check Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst if you need any help
+navigating the HID manuals and understanding the exact meaning of
+the HID report descriptor hex numbers.
+
+Whatever solution you come up with, please remember to **submit the
+fix to the HID maintainers**, so that it can be directly integrated in
+the kernel and that particular HID device will start working for
+everyone else. See Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst for
+guidelines on how to do this.
+
+
+Modifying the transmitted data on the fly
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Using eBPF it is also possible to modify the data exchanged with the
+device. See again the examples in `samples/hid`.
+
+Again, **please post your fix**, so that it can be integrated in the
+kernel!
+
+Writing a specialized driver
+----------------------------
+
+This should really be your last resort.
+
+
+.. rubric:: Footnotes
+
+.. [#hidraw] read hidraw: see Documentation/hid/hidraw.rst and
+ file `samples/hidraw/hid-example.c` for an example.
+ The output of ``hid-example`` would be, for the same mouse::
+
+ $ sudo ./hid-example
+ Report Descriptor Size: 52
+ Report Descriptor:
+ 5 1 9 2 a1 1 9 1 a1 0 5 9 19 1 29 3 15 0 25 1 75 1 95 3 81 2 75 5 95 1 81 1 5 1 9 30 9 31 9 38 15 81 25 7f 75 8 95 3 81 6 c0 c0
+
+ Raw Name: PixArt USB Optical Mouse
+ Raw Phys: usb-0000:05:00.4-2.3/input0
+ Raw Info:
+ bustype: 3 (USB)
+ vendor: 0x093a
+ product: 0x2510
+ ...
diff --git a/Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst b/Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1d3c17f29f2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+========================================
+Manual parsing of HID report descriptors
+========================================
+
+Consider again the mouse HID report descriptor
+introduced in Documentation/hid/hidintro.rst::
+
+ $ hexdump -C /sys/bus/hid/devices/0003\:093A\:2510.0002/report_descriptor
+ 00000000 05 01 09 02 a1 01 09 01 a1 00 05 09 19 01 29 03 |..............).|
+ 00000010 15 00 25 01 75 01 95 03 81 02 75 05 95 01 81 01 |..%.u.....u.....|
+ 00000020 05 01 09 30 09 31 09 38 15 81 25 7f 75 08 95 03 |...0.1.8..%.u...|
+ 00000030 81 06 c0 c0 |....|
+ 00000034
+
+and try to parse it by hand.
+
+Start with the first number, 0x05: it carries 2 bits for the
+length of the item, 2 bits for the type of the item and 4 bits for the
+function::
+
+ +----------+
+ | 00000101 |
+ +----------+
+ ^^
+ ---- Length of data (see HID spec 6.2.2.2)
+ ^^
+ ------ Type of the item (see HID spec 6.2.2.2, then jump to 6.2.2.7)
+ ^^^^
+ --------- Function of the item (see HID spec 6.2.2.7, then HUT Sec 3)
+
+In our case, the length is 1 byte, the type is ``Global`` and the
+function is ``Usage Page``, thus for parsing the value 0x01 in the second byte
+we need to refer to HUT Sec 3.
+
+The second number is the actual data, and its meaning can be found in
+the HUT. We have a ``Usage Page``, thus we need to refer to HUT
+Sec. 3, "Usage Pages"; from there, one sees that ``0x01`` stands for
+``Generic Desktop Page``.
+
+Moving now to the second two bytes, and following the same scheme,
+``0x09`` (i.e. ``00001001``) will be followed by one byte (``01``)
+and is a ``Local`` item (``10``). Thus, the meaning of the remaining four bits
+(``0000``) is given in the HID spec Sec. 6.2.2.8 "Local Items", so that
+we have a ``Usage``. From HUT, Sec. 4, "Generic Desktop Page", we see that
+0x02 stands for ``Mouse``.
+
+The following numbers can be parsed in the same way.
diff --git a/Documentation/hid/index.rst b/Documentation/hid/index.rst
index b2028f382f11..af02cf7cfa82 100644
--- a/Documentation/hid/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/hid/index.rst
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Human Interface Devices (HID)
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
+ hidintro
hiddev
hidraw
hid-sensor